日语动词按照语义有无意志性,可分为意志动词和非意志动词两类。意志性特征可从两个层面观察,即词汇层面和句法层面。前者以他动词为主,具有命令、可能表达功能,主要体现在词汇的语义层面,突显动词意志的绝对性;后者在词汇层面为非意志动词,通常缺乏意志、可能等表达,与上述绝对意志动词形成对照,但在句子中如有副词、助动词、助词参与,有时也会有意志性。该意志性主要体现在句法层面,突显动词意志的相对性。对动词意志性特征的认识,这两个层面观察都不可或缺。尤其是使役态与助词「を」的参与,成为动词意志性的重要标志。 Japanese verbs in accordance with semantic meaningless, can be divided into two types of verb and non-verb. Willful features can be observed from two levels, namely the lexical level and the syntactic level. The former is mainly composed of his verbs, with the functions of order and possible expression, which are mainly reflected in the semantic level of words and the absoluteness of verb will. The latter is non-verb at the lexical level, usually lacking in volition and may be expressed as such. Will verb form a contrast, but in the sentence if adverbs, adverbs, auxiliary words involved, and sometimes there will be willful. This will is mainly reflected in the syntactic level, highlighting the relativity of verb will. The cognition of the verb’s characteristic will be indispensable in these two aspects. In particular, the engagement and use of the auxiliary “を” became the important symbol of the verb’s will.