Objective: To determine the effect of dipeptide of glutamine and alanine on patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods: A total of 46 patients (31 males and 15 females, aged 7-68 years, (47±9.6) years on average) with severe traumatic brain injury were randomized into two groups: Group G (n=23) and Group C (n=23). The patients in Group G received nutritional remedy with the dipeptide of glutamine and alanine, whereas the patients in Group C received routine nutritional therapy only. GCS changes, the length of stay in the neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU), the mortality,the count of lymphocytes, related complications including lung infection and hemorrhage of alimentary tracts, etc, were examined and recorded. Results: The fatality rate and the length of stay in NICU in Group G was lower than these in Group C (P＜0.05), but no obvious difference was found in GCS changes of the patients between the two groups (P＞0.05). The patients with lung infection and alimentary tract hemorrhage in Group G were less than those in Group C (P＜0.05). The count of lymphocytes in Group G was more than that in Group C (P＜0.05), but no difference was found in other nutritional data. Conclusions: Dipeptide of glutamine and alanine can increase the resisting stress and anti-infection ability of patients with severe traumatic brain injury, which can also lower the mortality and shorten the NICU stay.