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1950年代的现代化范式导致传统社会规范被官僚体制下的正式法则所取代。到1960年代早期,由于正式机构成为住房快速发展的阻力,发展中国家采取措施协助非正式的住房交易,1950年代的方式失去了其正统地位。相对于这一阶段修正者对非正式制度的热衷,1980年代早期的研究则更趋温和,“公私合作”的尝试力求将这些规范和正式法则结合起来。考察印度卡纳塔克邦和孟买以及黎巴嫩贝鲁特的例子,作者认为,规范和法则并非构成两个分离的社会领域,其交互作用产生冲突,需要为其创造新的机制和制度。
The paradigm of modernization in the 1950s led to the replacement of traditional social norms with the formal laws of the bureaucracy. By the early 1960s, formal institutions had lost their orthodox status in the 1950s as formal institutions became a drag on the rapid growth of housing and developing countries took steps to assist in informal housing transactions. In contrast to the reformers’ enthusiasm for the informal system at this stage, research in the early 1980s was more modest and “public-private partnerships” sought to combine these norms and formal laws. Examining the examples in Karnataka and Mumbai, India, and Beirut, Lebanon, the authors argue that norms and laws do not constitute two separate social domains and that their interactions create conflicts and require new mechanisms and institutions for them.