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为探索利于西北黄土高原旱作麦田可持续发展的覆盖保墒栽培新技术,通过大田试验研究了不同覆盖方式(秸秆带状覆盖:BSC,旧膜二茬利用:PAH,露地条播:CK)和不同施肥量(纯氮、P2O5分别为:90、120、150 kg·hm~(-2))对旱地冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖方式与施肥量对冬小麦产量、产量三因素、生育期耗水量及水分利用效率有显著影响,且二者互作效应显著。秸秆带状覆盖下,籽粒产量达到5 305.0 kg·hm~(-2),较PAH和CK分别显著增加24.0%和37.5%,水分利用效率达10.8 kg·hm~(-2)·mm~(-1),较PAH和CK分别显著提高20.6%和33.3%,且同等施肥量下BSC的产量和水分利用效率均显著高于PAH和CK。从产量三因素看,BSC单位面积穗数较PAH和CK分别显著提高27.0%和42.2%,而穗粒数分别降低14.3%和6.7%,千粒重分别降低2.3%和6.8%,差异均达显著水平。与CK相比,BSC和PAH全生育期表现为显著的增墒效应,其中返青前以BSC保墒效果最好,拔节后则以PAH保墒效果最好。比较全生育期0~25 cm土壤温度差异,BSC越冬前表现为增温效应,较CK高1.2℃,返青后表现为降温效应,较CK低1.8℃;而PAH全生育期表现为增温效应,平均较CK高0.9℃。通径分析表明,秸秆带状覆盖主要是通过改善土壤水热条件,显著提高单位面积穗数,从而提高冬小麦产量。
In order to explore new techniques of soil moisture conservation and cultivation for the sustainable development of dryland wheat fields in northwestern Loess Plateau, the effects of different cover methods (straw strip cover: BSC, PAH, open field sowing: CK) Effect of Fertilizer Amount (Pure Nitrogen, P2O5: 90,120,150 kg · hm -2) on Yield of Winter Wheat in Dryland. The results showed that the three factors of yield and yield, the water consumption and the water use efficiency of winter wheat were significantly affected by the way of mulching and the amount of fertilizer application, and the interaction effect was significant. The results showed that the grain yield reached 5 305.0 kg · hm -2 under the straw belt covering, significantly increased by 24.0% and 37.5%, and the water use efficiency was 10.8 kg · hm -2 · mm ~ (-2) -1) increased significantly by 20.6% and 33.3% compared with PAH and CK, respectively, and the yield and water use efficiency of BSC were significantly higher than those of PAH and CK under the same fertilization. From the three factors of yield, the number of panicle per unit area of BSC increased significantly by 27.0% and 42.2% compared with that of PAH and CK, while the number of spikelets per plant decreased by 14.3% and 6.7%, respectively, while the 1000-grain weight decreased by 2.3% and 6.8% . Compared with CK, the whole growth period of BSC and PAH showed significant moisturizing effect, in which the effect of moisture retention of BSC before rejuvenation was the best, and the moisture retention effect of PAH was the best after jointing. Compared with the difference of 0 ~ 25 cm soil temperature during the whole growth period, BSC showed warming effect before winter, which was 1.2 ℃ higher than CK and decreased after returning green, which was 1.8 ℃ lower than CK. However, during the whole growth period of PAH, the warming effect , An average of 0.9 ℃ higher than CK. Path analysis showed that straw strip coverage mainly increased winter wheat yield by improving soil water and heat conditions, significantly increasing the number of ears per unit area.