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独立主格结构是考点非谓语部分的难点，应该引起大家的足够重视。独立主格结构又被称为独立结构，即它是用名词或代词充当的“独立的”、与主句主语不同的逻辑主语，逻辑主语之后可由多种结构充当其主语补语。独立主格结构和一个完整的句子用在一起，可位于句首或句尾，而且一般以逗号和句子分开，通常在句中起时间、条件、原因、方式或伴随状语的作用。下面对其构成方式以及语法功能作简要介绍。
一、名词（代词）+现在分词短语
名词或代词与动词-ing短语表示它们在逻辑上一般是主谓关系。例如：
1.We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.
我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。
2.The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
暴雨把房子冲坏，他们只好住在一个窑洞里。
注意：如果以上结构中的动词-ing短语中含有being时，一般可将其省略，如下面的例3和例4；但若独立主格结构中逻辑主语为代词时则不可省略，如下面的例5和例6。
3.The meeting (being) over, we went on to work in the workshop.
（时间）会议结束后，我们回到车间继续工作。
4.Tod looked at the million-pound note, his eyes (being) wide open.
（伴随）托德看着这张百万大钞，目瞪口呆。
5.It being Sunday, we went climbing.
（原因）因为是星期天，所以我们去爬山了。
6.That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing.
情况既然如此，整个这件事我们就得重新考虑了。
二、名词（代词）+过去分词短语
过去分词表示的动作与名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，即逻辑主语与其后的动作为被动关系。例如：
1.All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George.
（条件）
各方面考虑起来，我们应当把这项工作给乔治。
2.He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
他脸朝天头枕着双手躺着。
三、名词（代词）+不定式短语
名词或代词与动词不定式在逻辑上是主谓关系，动词不定式可表示“将来”含义，即动词不定式表示的动作将要发生。例如：
1.She to help me with my Japanese, I feel very happy.
她将帮我学习日语，我感到很高兴。
2.Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们就只好将会议延期到下周。
四、名词（代词）+介词短语
在此结构中，若逻辑主语和介词短语中的名词都是单数可数名词时，这两个名词前不用任何冠词或物主代词。
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.
少年跟那个人到这里，拿着剑爬进来。
五、名词（代词）+形容词（短语）
1.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of them over 600 years old.
英格兰发现的最大一堆硬币是20万枚银制的便士，它们全都是600多年前制作的。
2.The old man sat down, his face pale with pain and traces of tears still on his cheeks.
老头坐了下来，由于痛苦脸色苍白，两颊上还带有泪痕。
六、名词（代词）+副词（短语）
1.The war over, the people began to rebuild their country.
战争结束了，人们开始重建家园。
2.He put on his socks wrong side out. 他袜子穿反了。
七、名词（代词）+名词
1.Forty people got killed in the accident, seven of them children.
40个人在那次事故中丧生，其中有七个小孩。
2.He fired again, his first shot failure.
他第一枪没击中，又打了第二枪。
巩固练习：
1. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. [2007重庆卷]
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
2. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ____ at the end of last March. [2007山东卷]
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
3. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year.[2005湖南卷]
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
4. Tom looked at Jenny, tears ____ his eyes, and shouted out the words ____ in his heart for years.
A. filling； having been hidden B. filled； hidden
C. filling； hidden D. filled； hiding
5. The Chicago Bulls used to be made up of the best basketball
players in the United States, ____ black Americans.
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of whom D. most of it
6. ____ the thief was caught by the students.
A. There being nowhere to hide B. There was nowhere to hide
C. There is nowhere to hide D. There nowhere to hide
7. Everything ____ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken C. is taken D. taking
8. The decision ____, what it is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. been made B. has been made
C. having been made D. have been making
9. So many friends ____ absent, we decided to put ____ the party.
A. were; off B. being; off C. were; away D. being; away
10. They ____, the meeting was held according to the schedule.
A. having all arrived B. arriving
C. all arrived D. have all arrived
11. ____ the reading room, Li Ying was found reading a magazine on science there.
A. Her classmates entered B. That her classmates entered
C. Her classmates entering D. Her classmate’s entering
12. They are watching the basketball game with deep interest, ____.
A. their eyes wide open B. their eyes wide opened
C. their eyes wide opening D. their eyes to open wide
13. ____, I attended the meeting instead of him last Sunday.
A. He was ill B. His being ill
C. Him being ill D. He being ill
14. The children were making a snowman, ____.
A. their hands are red with the cold
B. their hands been red with the cold
C. their hands have been red with the cold
D. their hands red with the cold
15. He rushed into the room, his face ____ with sweat.
A. covered B. covering C. to cover D. to be covered 16. ____, he drew a conclusion.
A. The experiment having done
B. The experiment making
C. The experiment having been done
D. The experiment made
17. The car ran into a crowd of middle school students, ____ to
hospital immediately.
A. two of whom sent B. two of them sent
C. two of whom are sent D. two of them sending
Key(2)
一、名词（代词）+现在分词短语
名词或代词与动词-ing短语表示它们在逻辑上一般是主谓关系。例如：
1.We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide.
我们到那山洞探险，彼得做向导。
2.The storm having destroyed their hut, they had to live in a cave.
暴雨把房子冲坏，他们只好住在一个窑洞里。
注意：如果以上结构中的动词-ing短语中含有being时，一般可将其省略，如下面的例3和例4；但若独立主格结构中逻辑主语为代词时则不可省略，如下面的例5和例6。
3.The meeting (being) over, we went on to work in the workshop.
（时间）会议结束后，我们回到车间继续工作。
4.Tod looked at the million-pound note, his eyes (being) wide open.
（伴随）托德看着这张百万大钞，目瞪口呆。
5.It being Sunday, we went climbing.
（原因）因为是星期天，所以我们去爬山了。
6.That being the case, we’ll have to reconsider the whole thing.
情况既然如此，整个这件事我们就得重新考虑了。
二、名词（代词）+过去分词短语
过去分词表示的动作与名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系，即逻辑主语与其后的动作为被动关系。例如：
1.All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George.
（条件）
各方面考虑起来，我们应当把这项工作给乔治。
2.He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.
他脸朝天头枕着双手躺着。
三、名词（代词）+不定式短语
名词或代词与动词不定式在逻辑上是主谓关系，动词不定式可表示“将来”含义，即动词不定式表示的动作将要发生。例如：
1.She to help me with my Japanese, I feel very happy.
她将帮我学习日语，我感到很高兴。
2.Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们就只好将会议延期到下周。
四、名词（代词）+介词短语
在此结构中，若逻辑主语和介词短语中的名词都是单数可数名词时，这两个名词前不用任何冠词或物主代词。
The boy followed that man here, and climbed in, sword in hand.
少年跟那个人到这里，拿着剑爬进来。
五、名词（代词）+形容词（短语）
1.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of them over 600 years old.
英格兰发现的最大一堆硬币是20万枚银制的便士，它们全都是600多年前制作的。
2.The old man sat down, his face pale with pain and traces of tears still on his cheeks.
老头坐了下来，由于痛苦脸色苍白，两颊上还带有泪痕。
六、名词（代词）+副词（短语）
1.The war over, the people began to rebuild their country.
战争结束了，人们开始重建家园。
2.He put on his socks wrong side out. 他袜子穿反了。
七、名词（代词）+名词
1.Forty people got killed in the accident, seven of them children.
40个人在那次事故中丧生，其中有七个小孩。
2.He fired again, his first shot failure.
他第一枪没击中，又打了第二枪。
巩固练习：
1. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ____ for the day. [2007重庆卷]
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
2. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecrafts, the most recent ____ at the end of last March. [2007山东卷]
A. has been launched B. having been launched
C. being launched D. to be launched
3. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____ in a year.[2005湖南卷]
A. follows B. followed
C. to follow D. being followed
4. Tom looked at Jenny, tears ____ his eyes, and shouted out the words ____ in his heart for years.
A. filling； having been hidden B. filled； hidden
C. filling； hidden D. filled； hiding
5. The Chicago Bulls used to be made up of the best basketball
players in the United States, ____ black Americans.
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of whom D. most of it
6. ____ the thief was caught by the students.
A. There being nowhere to hide B. There was nowhere to hide
C. There is nowhere to hide D. There nowhere to hide
7. Everything ____ into consideration, they ought to have another chance.
A. to take B. taken C. is taken D. taking
8. The decision ____, what it is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. been made B. has been made
C. having been made D. have been making
9. So many friends ____ absent, we decided to put ____ the party.
A. were; off B. being; off C. were; away D. being; away
10. They ____, the meeting was held according to the schedule.
A. having all arrived B. arriving
C. all arrived D. have all arrived
11. ____ the reading room, Li Ying was found reading a magazine on science there.
A. Her classmates entered B. That her classmates entered
C. Her classmates entering D. Her classmate’s entering
12. They are watching the basketball game with deep interest, ____.
A. their eyes wide open B. their eyes wide opened
C. their eyes wide opening D. their eyes to open wide
13. ____, I attended the meeting instead of him last Sunday.
A. He was ill B. His being ill
C. Him being ill D. He being ill
14. The children were making a snowman, ____.
A. their hands are red with the cold
B. their hands been red with the cold
C. their hands have been red with the cold
D. their hands red with the cold
15. He rushed into the room, his face ____ with sweat.
A. covered B. covering C. to cover D. to be covered 16. ____, he drew a conclusion.
A. The experiment having done
B. The experiment making
C. The experiment having been done
D. The experiment made
17. The car ran into a crowd of middle school students, ____ to
hospital immediately.
A. two of whom sent B. two of them sent
C. two of whom are sent D. two of them sending
Key(2)