Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthetized in various populations of brainstem neurons. In the spinal cord, descending serotonergic projections regulate postural muscle tone, locomotion and rhythm and coordination of movements via the Central P
Stress response is a cellular widespread mechanism encoded by a common protein program composed by multiple cellular factors that converge in a defense reaction to protect the cell against damage. Among many mechanisms described, heat shock proteins were
The clinical “gold standard” technique for attempting to restore function to nerves with a gap is to bridge the gap with sensory autografts. However, autografts induce good to excellent recovery only across short nerve gaps, in young patients, and when re
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue in which homeostasis and function are guaranteedby a very defined three-dimensional organization of myofibers in respect to other non-muscular components, including the extracellular matrix and the nervous network. In p
Recent studies in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) have confirmed the diagnostic potential of biofluid-based biomarkers, as a topic of increasing interest in relation to SCI diagnosis and treatment. This paper reviews the research progress and ap
Ischemic and traumatic insults to the central nervous system account for most serious acute and fatal brain injuries and are usually characterized by primary and secondary damage. Secondary damage presents the greatest challenge for medical staff; however
Fundamental organelles that occur in every cell type with the exception of mammalerythrocytes, the mitochondria are required for multiple pivotal processes that include the production of biological energy, the biosynthesis of reactive oxygen species, the
miRNA are short non-coding RNA responsible for the knockdown of proteins through their targeting and silencing of complimentary mRNA sequences. The miRNA landscape of a cell thus affects the levels of its proteins and has significant consequences to its h
Age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\'s disease(AD)have become a critical public health issue due to the significantly extended human lifespan,leading to considerable economic and social burdens.Traditional therapies for AD such as