Scaling refers to a form of deterioration at the near surface of concrete, which experiences cycles of freezing and thawing in the presence of de-icing salt
Urban structures are naturally degraded by climatic activity, saline environments and microorganisms.The last of these accelerates dissolution processes, th
Alkali silica reaction, ASR is still a durability problem in Japan although countermeasures have been established since 1986.The problems of this Japanese s
The diffusion of chloride ion in concrete determines the durability performance.Research on the diffusion mechanism of chloride ion in concrete under the co
Sulfate attack is an environmental issue for concrete structure exposed to aggressive environment contains sulfate ions.The interaction of cementitious mate