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英语学习中，我们常遇到某些单词或短语在形式上是肯定的，但意义上却是否定的，这种结构我们称之为暗否定。高三的学生如果掌握好这一结构，对于提高英语的阅读理解能力和丰富书面表达能力将会有所帮助。现将中学英语中常见“形式肯定，意义否定”句式结构归纳例析如下：
【例1】The old man is in poor health.
这位老人健康状况不佳。
【简析】poor原意是“贫穷的，可怜的，乏味的。”在此句意为“不佳的，不好的，少量的，不足道的。”常见类似的形容词有：absent（不在的，缺席的）, different, difficult（困难的，不容易的），empty（空无）, independent（不愿受约束的; 不受控制的）, far from（远远不能）, free（不，无，不受约束的）, last（最不可能的，最不愿意的）, short（缺乏，不足）等，此类词本身在词汇上含有否定意义或者引申意义为否定。又如：
a. Peter is the last person I thought would come.我以为彼得最不可能来。
b. Qinhuangdao is a harbour free of ice. 秦皇岛是一个不冻港。
【例2】It is seldom that a man lives to be a hundred years old.
人生百岁古来稀。
【简析】seldom意义为“不常；很少；难得。”常见类似的副词有：barely（几乎不能）, few, hardly, little, rarely（很少地, 罕有地）, scarcely（几乎不, 简直没有）, instead（反而）等。此类词也称之为半否定词，本身意义相当于否定。又如：
a. I must be getting fat —— I can ______ do my trousers up.
A. fairlyB. hardly C. nearlyD. seldom
b. They could scarcely complain after such good treatment.
在受到如此好的待遇后他们决不会抱怨。
【例3】Once published, his works became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line. (SB II Unit 4 P28) 他的诗作发表后，因为行尾不押韵而大获其名。
【简析】absence意义为“不在, 缺席, 缺乏, 没有。”常见类似的名词有：failure, ignorance（不知，不懂，不了解）, lack, loss, negation（否定, 拒绝）reluctance（不愿, 勉强）等，此类词本身含有否定意义。又如：
a. He is a failure as an artist, but a success as an art teacher.
他不是个成功的艺术家,但是个成功的美术教师。
b. We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
我们完全不知道他的计划。
【例4】If the rain fails to come, the crops will die.如果雨不来，庄稼就会枯死。
【简析】fail意义为“失败, 不及格；(判断)错误, 不中目标；［与不定式连用］不能, 不(做), 忘记；不足, 缺乏(in)。”常见类似的动词有：avoid, ban, decline, deny, doubt, escape, exclude, forbid, hate, ignore, miss, neglect, object, prevent, prohibit, refuse, reject, stop, wonder等，此类词本身含有“避免”、“否认”，“失败”、“忽视”、“怀疑（不相信）”、“排除”，“禁止”、“防止”、“拒绝”等表示否定意义。又如：
a. We____ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to walk home.
A. reachedB. lost
C. missed D. caught
b. Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ___IQ.
A. a highB. a higher
C. the higherD. the highest
注：doubt表示疑问语气的动词能代替否定词，与比较级连用相当于最高级，表肯定意义。
【例5】No one is against this proposal.
没有人反对这个提议。
【简析】against意义为“相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着。”常见类似的介词有：above（不能，无法，难于，不屑于,）before, below（不如，比不上）, beneath（不如，比不上，不及）,beside（与…无关，不相关）, beyond（超出）, but, despite, except, from, minus（减去，没有）, off,within（不超过，不足）, under（不到，不足）, without等，此类词有的本身含有否定意义，有的引申意义为否定。又如：
a.-Can he take charge of the computer company?
-I’m afraid it’s______ his ability.
A. beyond B. within C. ofD. to
b. Children under seven years of age are not admitted.
不满七岁的儿童不得进入。
【例6】Instead of giving up, Hawking went on with his research, got his phD and married Jane.(SB II Unit 1 P3)
霍金没有放弃，而是继续从事研究工作，并且取得博士学位，也和简结了婚。
【简析】instead of意为“取代、而不”，后常跟名词、代词或动名词。常见类似的介词短语有：at a loss, but for, except for, in place of, in spite of, off, out of balance/breath/control/operation/order/question/the question/reach/use等，都具有否定的意义。又如：
a. But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the task.
要不是你的帮忙，我们不可能完成任务。
b. The poisonous things should be put where children can be out of reach.
有毒的物品应放在小孩子够不着的地方。
c. I am at a loss to understand those remarks.
我不理解那些话。
【例7】That’s unfair for him, isn’t that?
那对他来说不公平，不是吗？
【简析】dis-, im-, in-, un-,non-这些前缀都表否定意义，此外常见含有否定意义的前缀还有：anti-,contra-,counter-, de-,il-, ir-, mis-, under-，例如：antitank（反坦克）, anticancer（抗癌的）; contradistinction（反驳、相矛盾）, contra-missile（反导弹导弹）; counterattack（反攻、反击）, conterrevolution（反革命）; destruction（使解冻）, denationlize（非国有化）; illegal（违法的、非法的）, illogical（不合逻辑的）; irregular, irrelative（无关系的）; mistake, mislead, misunderstand, underdeveloped等等。又如：
a. When climbing the hill John was knocked unconscious by an____________rolling stone.
A. untouched B. unexpected
C. unfamiliar D. unbelievable
b. At times, worrying is a normal, ________ response to a difficult event or situation - a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.
A. effective B. individual
C. inevitableD. unfavorable
注：effective有效的, individual个别的,inevitable 不可避免的, unfavorable 不顺利的。
【例8】Scientists and students have endless opportunities to study a variety of life in the habitat.
科学家和学生们有无限的机会来研究这个栖息地的各种生命。
【简析】以 -less后缀结尾的派生词构成形容词常含有否定意义，例如：homeless（无家可归的）, careless, useless, hopeless, waterless 。又如：
After the earthquake, a lot of people became homeless.
地震过后，许多人沦为无家可归。
【例9】That was really a splendid evening. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that
C. before D. since
【简析】答案为D，意为“我已多年没有玩得如此开心。”连词since引导的复合句，如果从句后的谓语动词为延续性动词，那么谓语动词表示从该动作完成或结束算起；如果从句后的谓语动词为非延续性动词，那么谓语动词表示从该动作发生后算起。又如：
a. It’s two years since he studied English.
他没有学习英语已经两年了。
b. It’s two years since he left his hometown.
他离开家乡已经两年了。
常见类似的连词以肯定形式表示否定意义的有：as well as（与其说…不如说）, before（还没…就）, except that, for fear that（惟恐，就怕）, in case, lest（以免）, more… than（与其说…不如说；不是…而是）, more than...can（简直不、无法、难以）, neither, nor, or（否则）, other than（不同于；非；除…以外）, otherwise, rather than（而不）, unless, would rather…than（宁愿…而不）等，例如：
a. ________ you have tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. BecauseC. Although D. When
b. Start out right away, ________ you’ll miss the first train.
A. and B. but C. orD. while
c.-Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
-He rushed out of the room ______I could say a word.
A. before B. until C. when D. after
d. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ______ I could answer the phone.
A. asB. since
C. untilD. before
e. However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.
然而她还没有回过神来，洪水便逼近了她。
f. You might throw your money into the sea as well as lend it to him.
与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。(注意翻译时as well as强调的是前者)
g. George is more surprised than angry.
乔治并非生气，而是大吃一惊。
h.That feeling is more than I can tell clearly.
那种感觉是我无法说清楚的。
i. I know nothing about her except that she lives upstairs.
除了她住在楼上以外，我对她的情况一无所知。
j. The boy is working hard for fear that he should fail.
那男孩很努力学习，惟恐失败。
k. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
带把伞以防下雨。
l. I will ring you up lest you (should) forget to come.
我将打电话提醒你以免你忘了来。
m.The girl borrowed some books other than novels.
那女孩借了几本书，都不是小说。
n.Rather than ____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _____ a bicycle.
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride
C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
【例10】The problem is too hard for the students to work out.
这道题太难，以致学生们不能解出来。
【简析】too…to或too…for sb…to的结构表示否定意义，译为“太…以致不能…”， “太…无法…”。类似的其他短语词组：anything but（绝对不,根本不,一点也不）, give up（放弃）, keep off（使不踩；使避开）,let alone（更不用说，不在话下）, prefer…to, protect...from等本身也可以用肯定的形式表示否定意义。又如：
a. We will do anything but that.
我们决不干那种事。
b. Restoring the city and its cultural relics seemed impossible, but the people of this great city would not give up. (SB I Unit 7 P45)
重建城市，恢复文物似乎是不可能的，但这座伟大城市的人民不肯放弃。
c. Please keep off the grass.
请勿践踏草坪。
d. She speaks French, let alone English.
她会说法语，英语当然不在话下。
e. Wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
戴顶帽子，以防阳光暴晒。
(审稿：马燕编校：王静)
【例1】The old man is in poor health.
这位老人健康状况不佳。
【简析】poor原意是“贫穷的，可怜的，乏味的。”在此句意为“不佳的，不好的，少量的，不足道的。”常见类似的形容词有：absent（不在的，缺席的）, different, difficult（困难的，不容易的），empty（空无）, independent（不愿受约束的; 不受控制的）, far from（远远不能）, free（不，无，不受约束的）, last（最不可能的，最不愿意的）, short（缺乏，不足）等，此类词本身在词汇上含有否定意义或者引申意义为否定。又如：
a. Peter is the last person I thought would come.我以为彼得最不可能来。
b. Qinhuangdao is a harbour free of ice. 秦皇岛是一个不冻港。
【例2】It is seldom that a man lives to be a hundred years old.
人生百岁古来稀。
【简析】seldom意义为“不常；很少；难得。”常见类似的副词有：barely（几乎不能）, few, hardly, little, rarely（很少地, 罕有地）, scarcely（几乎不, 简直没有）, instead（反而）等。此类词也称之为半否定词，本身意义相当于否定。又如：
a. I must be getting fat —— I can ______ do my trousers up.
A. fairlyB. hardly C. nearlyD. seldom
b. They could scarcely complain after such good treatment.
在受到如此好的待遇后他们决不会抱怨。
【例3】Once published, his works became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line. (SB II Unit 4 P28) 他的诗作发表后，因为行尾不押韵而大获其名。
【简析】absence意义为“不在, 缺席, 缺乏, 没有。”常见类似的名词有：failure, ignorance（不知，不懂，不了解）, lack, loss, negation（否定, 拒绝）reluctance（不愿, 勉强）等，此类词本身含有否定意义。又如：
a. He is a failure as an artist, but a success as an art teacher.
他不是个成功的艺术家,但是个成功的美术教师。
b. We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
我们完全不知道他的计划。
【例4】If the rain fails to come, the crops will die.如果雨不来，庄稼就会枯死。
【简析】fail意义为“失败, 不及格；(判断)错误, 不中目标；［与不定式连用］不能, 不(做), 忘记；不足, 缺乏(in)。”常见类似的动词有：avoid, ban, decline, deny, doubt, escape, exclude, forbid, hate, ignore, miss, neglect, object, prevent, prohibit, refuse, reject, stop, wonder等，此类词本身含有“避免”、“否认”，“失败”、“忽视”、“怀疑（不相信）”、“排除”，“禁止”、“防止”、“拒绝”等表示否定意义。又如：
a. We____ the last bus and didn’t have any money for taxi, so we had to walk home.
A. reachedB. lost
C. missed D. caught
b. Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has ___IQ.
A. a highB. a higher
C. the higherD. the highest
注：doubt表示疑问语气的动词能代替否定词，与比较级连用相当于最高级，表肯定意义。
【例5】No one is against this proposal.
没有人反对这个提议。
【简析】against意义为“相反, 反对, 逆着, 靠着。”常见类似的介词有：above（不能，无法，难于，不屑于,）before, below（不如，比不上）, beneath（不如，比不上，不及）,beside（与…无关，不相关）, beyond（超出）, but, despite, except, from, minus（减去，没有）, off,within（不超过，不足）, under（不到，不足）, without等，此类词有的本身含有否定意义，有的引申意义为否定。又如：
a.-Can he take charge of the computer company?
-I’m afraid it’s______ his ability.
A. beyond B. within C. ofD. to
b. Children under seven years of age are not admitted.
不满七岁的儿童不得进入。
【例6】Instead of giving up, Hawking went on with his research, got his phD and married Jane.(SB II Unit 1 P3)
霍金没有放弃，而是继续从事研究工作，并且取得博士学位，也和简结了婚。
【简析】instead of意为“取代、而不”，后常跟名词、代词或动名词。常见类似的介词短语有：at a loss, but for, except for, in place of, in spite of, off, out of balance/breath/control/operation/order/question/the question/reach/use等，都具有否定的意义。又如：
a. But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the task.
要不是你的帮忙，我们不可能完成任务。
b. The poisonous things should be put where children can be out of reach.
有毒的物品应放在小孩子够不着的地方。
c. I am at a loss to understand those remarks.
我不理解那些话。
【例7】That’s unfair for him, isn’t that?
那对他来说不公平，不是吗？
【简析】dis-, im-, in-, un-,non-这些前缀都表否定意义，此外常见含有否定意义的前缀还有：anti-,contra-,counter-, de-,il-, ir-, mis-, under-，例如：antitank（反坦克）, anticancer（抗癌的）; contradistinction（反驳、相矛盾）, contra-missile（反导弹导弹）; counterattack（反攻、反击）, conterrevolution（反革命）; destruction（使解冻）, denationlize（非国有化）; illegal（违法的、非法的）, illogical（不合逻辑的）; irregular, irrelative（无关系的）; mistake, mislead, misunderstand, underdeveloped等等。又如：
a. When climbing the hill John was knocked unconscious by an____________rolling stone.
A. untouched B. unexpected
C. unfamiliar D. unbelievable
b. At times, worrying is a normal, ________ response to a difficult event or situation - a loved one being injured in an accident, for example.
A. effective B. individual
C. inevitableD. unfavorable
注：effective有效的, individual个别的,inevitable 不可避免的, unfavorable 不顺利的。
【例8】Scientists and students have endless opportunities to study a variety of life in the habitat.
科学家和学生们有无限的机会来研究这个栖息地的各种生命。
【简析】以 -less后缀结尾的派生词构成形容词常含有否定意义，例如：homeless（无家可归的）, careless, useless, hopeless, waterless 。又如：
After the earthquake, a lot of people became homeless.
地震过后，许多人沦为无家可归。
【例9】That was really a splendid evening. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. when B. that
C. before D. since
【简析】答案为D，意为“我已多年没有玩得如此开心。”连词since引导的复合句，如果从句后的谓语动词为延续性动词，那么谓语动词表示从该动作完成或结束算起；如果从句后的谓语动词为非延续性动词，那么谓语动词表示从该动作发生后算起。又如：
a. It’s two years since he studied English.
他没有学习英语已经两年了。
b. It’s two years since he left his hometown.
他离开家乡已经两年了。
常见类似的连词以肯定形式表示否定意义的有：as well as（与其说…不如说）, before（还没…就）, except that, for fear that（惟恐，就怕）, in case, lest（以免）, more… than（与其说…不如说；不是…而是）, more than...can（简直不、无法、难以）, neither, nor, or（否则）, other than（不同于；非；除…以外）, otherwise, rather than（而不）, unless, would rather…than（宁愿…而不）等，例如：
a. ________ you have tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. BecauseC. Although D. When
b. Start out right away, ________ you’ll miss the first train.
A. and B. but C. orD. while
c.-Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
-He rushed out of the room ______I could say a word.
A. before B. until C. when D. after
d. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ______ I could answer the phone.
A. asB. since
C. untilD. before
e. However, before she could think twice, the water was upon her.
然而她还没有回过神来，洪水便逼近了她。
f. You might throw your money into the sea as well as lend it to him.
与其将钱借给他，还不如把钱丢进大海。(注意翻译时as well as强调的是前者)
g. George is more surprised than angry.
乔治并非生气，而是大吃一惊。
h.That feeling is more than I can tell clearly.
那种感觉是我无法说清楚的。
i. I know nothing about her except that she lives upstairs.
除了她住在楼上以外，我对她的情况一无所知。
j. The boy is working hard for fear that he should fail.
那男孩很努力学习，惟恐失败。
k. Take an umbrella in case it rains.
带把伞以防下雨。
l. I will ring you up lest you (should) forget to come.
我将打电话提醒你以免你忘了来。
m.The girl borrowed some books other than novels.
那女孩借了几本书，都不是小说。
n.Rather than ____ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _____ a bicycle.
A. ride; ride B. riding; ride
C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding
【例10】The problem is too hard for the students to work out.
这道题太难，以致学生们不能解出来。
【简析】too…to或too…for sb…to的结构表示否定意义，译为“太…以致不能…”， “太…无法…”。类似的其他短语词组：anything but（绝对不,根本不,一点也不）, give up（放弃）, keep off（使不踩；使避开）,let alone（更不用说，不在话下）, prefer…to, protect...from等本身也可以用肯定的形式表示否定意义。又如：
a. We will do anything but that.
我们决不干那种事。
b. Restoring the city and its cultural relics seemed impossible, but the people of this great city would not give up. (SB I Unit 7 P45)
重建城市，恢复文物似乎是不可能的，但这座伟大城市的人民不肯放弃。
c. Please keep off the grass.
请勿践踏草坪。
d. She speaks French, let alone English.
她会说法语，英语当然不在话下。
e. Wear a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
戴顶帽子，以防阳光暴晒。
(审稿：马燕编校：王静)