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一、美国学分制的历史沿革学分制大约在18世纪末起源于美国,它的发展大致经历了选课制的诞生、学分制的确立以及中学学分制的确立三个阶段。在选课制诞生之前,世界各地的中小学普遍实施的是班级授课制,以培养规格统一的人才作为学校的主要任务。然而,18世纪末,随着科学技术突飞猛进,新兴学科不断出现,社会分工、专业分工越来越细,统一的教学模式和人才已不能适应社会的需求,教育个性化逐渐成为大势所趋。于是,作为学分制前奏的选课制应运而生。早在1779年,美国总统约翰·亚当斯就提出过大学要实行选课制的观点。1825年,弗吉尼亚大学开始试行选课制。1869年,查尔斯·艾略特当选哈佛校长后,大胆推出了选修课制度,真正开始推广实施选课制。
I. History of the American Credit System The credit system originated in the United States around the end of the 18th century. Its development has gone through three stages: the birth of the elective system, the establishment of the credit system, and the establishment of the credit system in secondary schools. Prior to the birth of elective courses, primary and secondary schools throughout the world generally implemented class-based teaching systems to train uniform talents as the school’s main tasks. However, at the end of the 18th century, as science and technology advanced by leaps and bounds, emerging disciplines continued to emerge, social division of labor and professional division of labor became more and more detailed, unified teaching models and talents could no longer meet the needs of society, and education individuation became a general trend. As a result, the elective system as a prelude to the credit system came into being. As early as 1779, the United States President John Adams put forward the idea that universities should implement the elective system. In 1825, the University of Virginia began trial elective courses. In 1869, after Charles Eliot was elected as Harvard’s principal, he boldly launched an elective system and began to promote the implementation of elective courses.