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对英语世界以外从事美国文学研究的外国学者来说,恐怕没有比现在更好的时候了。美国文学研究越来越国际化,国外出生以及立足国外的美国问题研究者的影响也越来越大。本文试图解释这种现象及其衍变,并有选择地重点分析美国文学研究中新的跨国界与比较的方法。首先,本文将简要回顾催生这些新方法的背景因素,包括美国学术界人员构成方面的变化等,认为自20世纪70年代起,美国文学研究内部出现了对传统经典的挑战,新历史主义、后殖民主义和种族批评研究的兴起大大深化了整个研究,在随后探讨如何定义新的跨国界美国问题研究中又滋生了各类不同的研究视角和方法;其次,论文作者拟通过描述近期出版的、暗示这些方法成功之处的一系列书籍和文章来进一步说明以下五种宽泛、重叠的研究范畴:(1)聚焦作者研究,拓宽超越国界的批评理解视野;(2)强调语言学翻译或跨文化交流课题;(3)研究世界范围内(大西洋世界、泛太平洋世界与美洲世界)文本的流通与跨文化影响;(4)以全球化视野处理文化流动的研究课题;(5)对跨越国界的环境相互依赖或类同进行生态批评研究。我们会看到它们大部分都是异质的,其间我们在研究的方法上也发现了相当可观的差异和观点间的碰撞。
For foreign scholars engaged in the study of American literature outside the English-speaking world, I am afraid there is no better time than now. The research on American literature is getting more and more international. The influence of foreign-born researchers on American issues based abroad is also growing. This article attempts to explain this phenomenon and its evolution, with a selective focus on the analysis of new cross-border and comparative approaches in American literary studies. First of all, this article will briefly review the background of these new methods, including the changes in the composition of the American academic community, and so on. Since the 1970s, there have been challenges to traditional classics in American literary studies. Neo-historicism, The rise of the study of colonialism and racial criticism greatly deepened the whole study, and subsequently explored different perspectives and methods of research in the study of how to define a new cross-border issue of the United States. Secondly, A series of books and articles that suggest the success of these approaches provide further insight into five broad and overlapping areas of research: (1) focusing on author research and broadening critical understanding of transcontinental boundaries; (2) emphasizing linguistic translation or cross-cultural Exchange topics; (3) study of the circulation and cross-cultural impact of texts in the world (Atlantic, Pan-Pacific and American Americas); (4) research topics on cultural mobility from a global perspective; (5) Environmental interdependence or similar Ecocriticism. We will see that most of them are heterogeneous, during which time we have also found considerable differences and conflicting views on the methodology of the study.