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Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal oxide and chalcogenide (TMO&C)-based photocatalysts have recently attracted significant attention for addressing the current worldwide challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution. The ultrahigh surface area and unconventional physiochemical, electronic and optical properties of 2D TMO&Cs have been demonstrated to facilitate photocatalytic applications.This review provides a concise overview of properties, synthesis methods and applications of 2D TMO&C-based photocatalysts. Partic-ular attention is paid on the emerging strategies to improve the abilities of light harvesting and photoinduced charge separation for enhancing photocatalytic performances, which include elemental doping, surface functionalization as well as heterojunctions with semiconducting and con-ductivematerials.Thefutureopportunitiesregardingthe researchpathwaysof2DTMO&C-basedphotocatalystsare also presented.