美国每年有30,000人患膀胱癌,其中男性23,000人,女性7,000人。几乎全世界各国都以男性占优势。膀胱肿瘤的致病因素可分为诱发和促进因素两类。诱发因素直接作用于膀胱移行细胞,使细胞发生瘤变。促进因素通过单独或协同作用,持续刺激瘤变细胞,促进肿瘤的发展。通过动物实验和组织培养观察,发生肿瘤的诱发和促进因素的概念已经越来越被普遍接受。虽然目前对肿瘤发生的复杂机制还了解不多,但作为膀胱肿瘤流行病学调查的前景,这种概念是重要的。一、工业致癌作用在1895年,Rehn观察了12例从事苯胺染料工作的膀胱癌患者,流行病学研究结果最后表明,苯胺中 Every year, 30,000 people in the United States have bladder cancer, including 23,000 men and 7,000 women. Almost all countries in the world are dominated by men. The pathogenic factors of bladder tumors can be divided into two types: inducing and promoting factors. Inducing factors act directly on bladder transitional cells, causing the cells to undergo neoplasia. Promoters, by acting alone or in concert, continue to stimulate neoplastic cells and promote the development of tumors. Through animal experiments and tissue culture observations, the concept of the occurrence and promotion of tumors has become increasingly accepted. Although there is still little understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis, this concept is important as a prospect for the investigation of bladder neoplasm epidemiology. I. Industrial carcinogenesis In 1895, Rehn observed 12 cases of bladder cancer patients working on aniline dyes. Epidemiological studies concluded that aniline