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目前的政治经济学教科书认为,相对剩余价值是社会劳动生产率普遍提高的结果。在工作日不变的情况下,随着社会劳动生产率的普遍提高,劳动者及其家属所需生活资料的价值会随之降低,从而必要劳动时间会相应减少,剩余劳动时间会相应延长,进而可以获得更多的剩余价值。教科书的这一结论是假设新创造的价值不变、教育费用及其变化很小以至于可以忽略的情况下得出的。但是假设新创造的价值不变意味着,社会生产力达到一定程度之后,无论社会劳动生产率如何提高,相对剩余价值也不会再增加。这显然与马克思的理论和实际不符。一旦令新创造的价值可变、同时加入教育费用,那么就会发现,相对剩余价值既可以在必要劳动时间缩短的情况下增加,也可以在必要劳动时间延长的情况下增加。
The current textbook on political economy holds that relative surplus value is the result of a general increase in labor productivity in society. With working days unchanged, with the general increase of labor productivity in society, the value of living materials needed by laborers and their families will decrease. As a result, the necessary labor time will be reduced correspondingly and the remaining labor time will be lengthened accordingly Can get more surplus value. This conclusion in textbooks is based on the assumption that the value of new creation will remain constant, and that education costs and changes have been so small as to be negligible. However, assuming that the value created by the new creation does not change, the relative surplus value will not increase no matter how the social labor productivity increases after the social productivity reaches a certain level. This apparently does not accord with Marx’s theory and reality. Once the value of the new creation is made variable and education costs are added at the same time, one finds that relative surplus value can be increased both with reduced necessary labor hours and with the extension of necessary labor hours.