一、序论在传统社会,粮食价格的高低为一般百姓带来非常大的影响。南宋时期的李觏反对“谷甚贱则伤农,贵则伤末”的传统说法,称“贱则伤农,贵亦伤农。贱则利末,贵亦利末”。李觏的言中之意为,如果粮价低廉,则自然不利于粮食生产者,但如果其价格过高,则相对于商人更不利于粮食消费者。因为不论价格高低,商人是从生产和消费价格之间取利的。如果进一步解释的话,粮价过低,则对于需要为农业再生产购买农机具、为婚冠丧祭等通过仪礼以及为国家缴纳赋税和偿还债务等几乎所有费用依赖于剩余农业生 First, preface In traditional society, the level of food prices for ordinary people have a very big impact. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Kui opposed the traditional saying that “while the valley is very cheap, we are hurting the peasants, but wearers are not hurting.” Li Yong’s remark means that if the food price is low, it will naturally be detrimental to food producers, but if the price is too high, it will be more detrimental to food consumers than the businessmen. Because regardless of the price level, traders profit from the price between production and consumption. If food prices are too low, almost all costs, such as rituals of purchasing agricultural implements for agricultural reproduction, funeral arrangements, etc., as well as paying taxes and repaying debts for the country, depend on surplus agricultural students