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纵贯整个西方马克思主义精神史的发展历程,我们会发现一个普遍的现象。无论是前期主张暴力革命的卢卡奇,科尔施等人的主体性辩证法,中期以意识形态批判而闻名的法兰克福学派的霍克海默,阿多诺等人,还是萨特的存在主义马克思主义都以人本主义为核心来阐述自己的理论,显示出了这一时期西方马克思主义理论体系的多样性。也是正因为这种理论的多样性,不同学派的思想家在对待人本主义精神的观点大相径庭,产生了巨大的理论分歧,哈贝马斯甚至提出要重建历史唯物主义。针对这样的理论困境,本文旨在简单介绍几位在西方马克思主义发展史中占有巨大地位的哲学家关于人本主义精神的经典论述,然后再结合现实,发表一下对于上述问题的认识和看法。
Throughout the history of the development of Western Marxist spiritual history, we will find a common phenomenon. Whether it is the subjectivity dialectics of Lukacs, Korsch and others advocating a violent revolution in the earlier period, the Frankfurt School’s Horkheimer and Adorno who are famous for ideological criticism in the medium term, or Sartre’s existential Marxism Both of them center on humanism to expound their own theories and show the diversity of the theoretical system of Western Marxism in this period. Precisely because of this diversity of theories, the different schools of thought have different opinions on the spirit of humanism, resulting in huge theoretical differences. Habermas even proposed to rebuild historical materialism. In response to such theoretical dilemma, the purpose of this article is to briefly introduce several classic discourses on humanism of philosophers who hold a great place in the development history of Western Marxism, and then combine the reality to express their views and opinions on the above issues.