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挖掘机是目前开挖土、石方的主要工程机械之一,其所完成的工作量,在国外一般占整个工作量的50%左右。挖掘机有周期作业和连续作业两大类。前者为单斗挖掘机,后者有链斗式、斗轮式、铣切式和滚切式等几种。按行走机构分,有履带式、轮胎式、汽车式和步行式。传动方式有机械式和液压式。按用途又可分为建筑型、采矿型和剥离型等。单斗挖掘机的历史最久,能适应不同的工作条件,故应用最广,除常见的以外,有隧道挖掘机、冻土挖掘机、加宽履带挖掘机、动臂可伸缩式挖掘机等,归纳起来,可大体分为万能与专用两类。万能单斗挖掘机通常有正铲、反铲、索铲、起重吊钩、正铲加长设备、打桩锤、冻土松土器等等工作装置。近几十年来,由于装载机的发展,就单斗挖掘机本身的意义来讲,已部分地失去其显著的程度。
Excavators are currently one of the main construction machinery for excavation of earth and stone, and the amount of work done by the excavator generally accounts for about 50% of the total workload in foreign countries. There are two types of excavators, cycle operation and continuous operation. The former is a single-bucket excavator, and the latter has a chain bucket type, a bucket wheel type, a milling type and a roll type. Divided by walking mechanism, crawler type, tire type, car type and walk type. Transmission methods are mechanical and hydraulic. According to the purpose, it can be divided into construction type, mining type and stripping type. The single bucket excavator has the longest history and can adapt to different working conditions, so it is the most widely used. Except common ones, there are tunnel excavators, frozen earth excavators, widened crawler excavators, boom retractable excavators, etc. Summarized, it can be roughly divided into two types of universal and private. Universal single-bucket excavators usually have working devices such as front shovel, back shovel, cable shovel, lifting hook, shovel lengthening equipment, pile hammer, and ripper for frozen soil. In recent decades, due to the development of loaders, the significance of the single-bucket excavator itself has partially lost its significance.