几十年来,许多国家对现代化作了差不多的努力,带来了几乎完全不同的结果。有的国家现代化已经取得了引人注目的进展,有的却面貌依旧,甚至被列为“第四世界”。还有一些国家,现代化虽然在一个时期内启动了,但没有多长时间就告夭折。对于这种种情况,艾森斯塔特将其称之为“现代化受挫”(或译为“现代化的崩溃”),并且写一本著作《现代化:抗拒与 For decades, many countries have made similar efforts to modernize with almost completely different results. In some countries, remarkable progress has been made in the modernization of the country. However, some have seen or even been classified as “the fourth world.” In other countries, although modernization started within a certain period of time, it did not take long before it died. In these circumstances, Eisenstadt refers to it as “frustration of modernization” (or as “the collapse of modernization”) and writes a book "Modernization: Resistance and