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纵观历年来全国及各省市的英语高考试题,不难发现单项填空题的考查内容主要包括以下四方面:词法、句法、语法和情景交际。其中句法侧重考查考生在具体的语言环境中对句型的认知和识别能力,是备考的重点和难点。本文拟结合近三年的高考真题,归纳高考英语单项填空题热点句型的结构特征,并深入分析每种句型的要点,希望对备考师生有所帮助。
一、强调句型:It+is/was+…that…
【典型考例】
1.(2013天津卷)It was not until near the end of the letter______ she mentioned her own plan.
A.that B.where C.why D.when
2.(2013新课标II卷)It was only after he had read the papers ______Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
A.when B.that C.which D.what
【答案与解析】A;B。这两题都考查强调句。题1考查固定句型not…until的强调句,其句型结构为:It was not until…that+句子。题2可还原为Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete only after he had read the papers,即可判断强调部分是状语“only after he had read the papers”。
【句型归纳】强调句型基本结构是“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who(指人)+句子其他部分”,被强调部分可以是除了谓语动词的其他任何成分。同时,强调结构与其他含it的结构非常相似,很容易混淆。区别办法:如去掉It is/was…that…结构后句子仍然成立,则为强调结构。
二、表条件的祈使句型:祈使句+and/or+陈述句
【典型考例】
1.(2013四川卷)Read this story,_______ you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.
A.or B.and C.but D.so
2.(2013北京卷)Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs_______ you could have problems.
A.or B.and C.but D.so
【答案与解析】B;A。这两题考查固定句型“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”。题1句意:读这个故事,然后你就会明白并不是所有东西都能用钱买到。此处表顺承关系,故用and。题2句意:在你关闭所有程序之前不要关掉电脑,否则可能出现问题。此处表转折关系,故用or。
【句型归纳】“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”相当于一个条件状语从句,and表顺承关系,而or表转折关系,意为“否则”、“要不然的话”,or还可用or else或otherwise替换。该句型有如下两种变化形式:
(1)“祈使句+破折号+陈述句”如:
Hurry up—perhaps you’ll catch the train.赶快,也许你会赶上火车的。
(2)“名词词组+and+陈述句”如:
名词词组中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等词。如:
A few minutes more,and I could have finished the task.要是多几分钟的话,我就可能完成这个任务了。
三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气句型:主语+谓语动词“(should)+动词原形”
【典型考例】
1.(2013陕西卷)My mom suggests that we ____ eat out for a change this weekend.
A.should B.might C.could D.would
2.(2013浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a ch-
ild’s first eye exam _____ at the age of six months old.
A.was B.be C.were D.is
【答案与解析】A;B。考查虚拟语气的用法。根据语法规则,suggest和recommend后的宾语从句谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略,故分别选A和B。
【句型归纳】在某些动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。常见的这类动词有“一个坚持”(insist);“两个命令”(order,command);“四个建议”(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)“五个要求”(ask,require,demand,request,urge)。
四、条件句中的虚拟语气句型:If+主语+had done…(或Had+主语+done),主语+ would/should/might/could have done…(对过去的虚拟)
【典型考例】
1.(2013福建卷)—Do you think George has passed the driving test? —No.If so,he_____his car to our college yesterday.
A.would drive B.drove
C.would have driven D.had driven
2.(2013江苏卷)I should not have laughed if I
you were serious.
A.thought B.would think
C.had thought D.have thought
【答案与解析】C;C。考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法。题1句意:——你认为George通过了驾照考试了吗?——没有。如果通过的话,昨天他就会开车来我们大学了。结合语境,主句用would have done。题2根据主句中should not have laughed可知此处是对过去事情的虚拟,因此if从句中谓语用过去完成时。
【句型归纳】条件句中的虚拟语气句型有三个:(1)If+主语+had done…,主语+ would/should/might/could have done…(表示对过去的虚拟);(2)If+主语+did/were…,主语+ would/should/might/could do…(表示对现在的虚拟);(3)If+主语+should do/were to do/did…,主语+would/should/might/could do…(表示对将来的虚拟)。如条件句中有were/had/should这三个词,则可省略if,把这三个词放到句首。
五、it作形式宾语的句型:sb. think/consid-
er/believe/make…+it+adj./n. +(for sb.) to do/that-从句
【典型考例】
1.(2012陕西卷)No matter where he is,he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A.him B.this C.that D.it
2.(2012山东卷)The two girls are so alike that strangers find _____different to tell one from the other.
A.it B.them C.her D.that
【答案与解析】D;A。题1和题2都是考查it作形式宾语的用法。题1中,it代替真正宾语to go for a walk;题2中,it代替真正宾语to tell one from the other。
【句型归纳】当不定式、动名词或从句充当宾语且宾语后有宾语补足语时,可将宾语后置并用it作形式宾语,it本身无词义。常见句型为:
(1)sb.think/consider/believe/make…+it +adj./n.+ (for sb.)to do/that-从句
如:I think it useful that we take regular exercise every day.
(2)like/enjoy/love/hate/dislike/appreciate/prefer+ it+if/when-从句
如:I hate it when people speak with their mouths full of food.
六、状语从句的省略结构:状语从句连接词+n./adj./adv./doing/done /to do…,+主句
【典型考例】
1.(2013浙江卷) There are some health problems that,when ______ in time,can become bigger ones later on.
A.not treated B.not being treated
C.not to be treated D.not have been treated
2.(2012安徽卷) When ______ for his views about his teaching job,Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A.asking B.asked
C.having asked D.to be asked
【答案与解析】A;B。题1和题2都是考查状语从句的省略情况,根据状语从句的省略规则,在题1空白处加上some health problems are,则容易确定答案为A;题2空白处加上Philip was,则容易确定答案为B。
【句型归纳】状语从句中的省略有两种情况:(1)如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式(am/is/are/was/were),可同时省略从句的主语和be动词。(2)如果从句中有it is/was,并且无意义,则可把它们一起省略。如:If it is necessary,I will buy this dictionary.=If necessary,I will buy this dictionary.
七、主动表被动的句型:主语+be+adj.+to do
【典型考例】
1.(2012辽宁卷) This machine is very easy______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A.operating B.to be operating
C.operated D.to operate
2.(2011安徽卷)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.
A.break B.breaking C.broken D.to break
【答案与解析】D;D。题1句意:这台机器很容易操作,任何人可在几分钟内学会使用。题2句意:汤姆问糖果制造商他们是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。be+easy/difficult/hard…后常跟不定式的主动式表示被动意义。题2可变成:The chocolate is easier to break into small pieces.
【句型归纳】在“主语+be+adj.+to do…”句型中,adj.常为easy,hard,difficult,pleasant,comfortable,fit,nice,interesting,heavy,light,important,possible等,不定式与句子的主语通常是逻辑上的动宾关系。
八、倍数的表达句型:倍数+as…as
【典型考例】
1.(2013安徽卷)It’s said that the power plant is now ______large as what it was.
A.twice as B.as twice
C.twice much D.much twice
2.(2012全国卷)This restaurant wasn’t ______that other restaurant we went to.
A.half as good as B.as half good as
C.as good as half D.good as half as
【答案与解析】A;A。这两题都是考查倍数的表达方式“倍数+as…as”结构。题1句意:据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大。题2句意:这家餐厅不如我们去过的其他餐厅一半好。
【句型归纳】用形容词表示甲是乙的几倍时,可用下面三个句型,用副词表示则一般只用前两个句型。(1)……倍数+形容词(或副词)的比较级+than,表示“……比……大/长/宽几倍”; (2)……倍数+as+形容词(或 much)或副词+as, 表示“……是……倍”;(3)……倍数+the size(length,height…)of ,表示“几倍大小(长短、数量等)”。
如:这条河流是那条河流的五倍长。可译成:
This river is four times longer than that one.
This river is five times as long as that one.
This river is five times the length of that one.
九、让步状语从句句型:No matter how+ adj. /adv. +主语+谓语
【典型考例】
1.(2013辽宁卷)One can always manage to do more things,no matter________ full one’s schedule is in life.
A.how B.what C.when D.where
2.(2011辽宁卷)No matter how ______,it is not necessarily lifeless.
A.a desert may be dry B.dry a desert may be
C.may a desert be dry D.dry may a desert be
【答案与解析】A;B。题1句意:一个人无论他的日程多满,总是能设法做更多的事情。空后的full是形容词,用 how修饰,构成让步状语从句。题2句意:无论沙漠多么干燥,都不会是毫无生机的。no matter how后面要跟形容词或副词,再加主语和谓语。故选B。
【句型归纳】no matter how=however意为“无论怎样”,引导让步状语从句时,后面要跟形容词或副词,再加主语和谓语动词。
十、as引导的让步状语从句句型:n./adj./adv./v.+as+主语+谓语动词
【典型考例】
1.(2012陕西卷)Hot _______the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
A.although B.as C.while D.however
2.(2011全国大纲卷)Try ______she might,Sue couldn’t get the door open.
A.if B.when C.since D.as
【答案与解析】B;D。题1句意:尽管夜间的空气很热,但我们睡得很沉,因为长途旅行之后,我们太累了。表语hot提前,用as引导让步状语从句,although不能用于倒装结构。题2句意:尽管想尽一切办法苏还是不能打开那扇门。动词try 提前,因此用as引导让步状语从句。
【句型归纳】as做“虽然”讲时,要用倒装结构,主要体现在三种情况:表语(名词/形容词)+as+主语+谓语(若表语是单数名词,不用不定冠词);状语(副词)+as+主语+谓语;动词+as+主语+谓语。 十一、部分倒装句型:助动词(be/do/have)+主语+谓语+其他
【典型考例】
1.(2013湖南卷)Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.
A.occurred it B.it did occur
C.it occurred D.did it occur
2.(2013福建卷)Not until he went through real hardship _____the love we have for our families is important.
A.had he realized B.did he realize
C.he realized D.he had realized
3.(2013江苏卷)“Never for a second,”the boy says,“ ______ that my father would come to my rescue.”
A.I doubt B.I have doubted
C.do I doubt D.did I doubt
【答案与解析】D;B;D。这三题分别有表否定意义的词not,not until,never放于句首,因此主句需用部分倒装;根据语境可知都是一般过去时。
【句型归纳】(1)部分倒装:只将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语之前的倒装称为半倒装或部分倒装。高考常考的部分倒装有以下四种:①表否定意义的单词或短语放于句首,如hardly,seldom,never,little,not,not only,in no way,by no means,in no case等;②only+副词、短语或从句,用于句首表示强调时;③以so开头的句子,表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者,如so+谓语+主语,表“……也如此”;④以neither,nor开头的句子,表示前面否定的情况也适用于后者,如neither/nor+谓语+主语,表“……也不”。
(2)全部倒装:将谓语动词完全移到主语之前的倒装称为全部倒装。Here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副词或表地点的介词短语放于句首,主语是名词时,句子要用全部倒装;但主语是代词时,主谓不倒装。
如:(2010重庆卷)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and Jialing River_____ ,one of the largest cities in China.
A.lies Chongqing B.Chongqing lies
C.does lie Chongqing D.does Chongqing lie
答案:A
十二、对过去行为的推测句型:情态动词+ have+done
【典型考例】
1.(2013陕西卷)The children ______lost in the woods; otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
A.must have got B.must get
C.should have got D.should get
2.(2013新课标II卷)Since nobody gave him any help,he_____ have done the research on his own.
A.can B.must C.would D.need
【答案与解析】A;B。题1句意:孩子们一定在树林里迷路了,否则,他们已按计划到达湖边的营地了。题2句意:由于没人帮他,所以他一定是一个人做的那个调查。这两题都是对过去行为的肯定推测,因此用“must have done”句型。
【句型归纳】常见的对过去行为的推测句型有以下几种:(1)“must+ have+ done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“一定做过某事”,只用于肯定句。(2)“can’t/couldn’t +have +done”表示对过去事情的否定推测,译成“不可能做过某事”。(3)“may/might+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测,意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”,用于肯定句中。(4)“should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事,而实际没做”。“shouldn’t+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事,而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。(5)“need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做,“needn’t+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。
十三、含被动语态的句型:Sb./ Sth.+be +v-ed +其他
【典型考例】
1.(2013北京卷)—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants______before a final decision is made by the authority.
A.interview B.are interviewing
C.are interviewed D.are being interviewed
2.(2013辽宁卷)We are confident that the environment ______by our further efforts to reduce pollution.
A.had been improved B.will be improved
C.is improved D.was improved
【答案与解析】C;B。考查被动语态。题1句意:——程序是什么?——所有的申请人面试后再由当局做出最终决定。此处叙述的是客观事实,applicants与interview之间是被动关系,用一般现在时的被动,故选C。题2句意:我们相信环境会在我们进一步减少污染的努力下得以改善。由题干中的“We are confident that”可知此处要表将来意义的被动,故选B。
【句型归纳】当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语动词的形式用被动语态。被动语态基本结构为:Sb./Sth.+be+v-ed+其他,时态通过be来体现;含情态动词的被动语态结构为:Sb./Sth.+情态动词+be+v-ed+其他。
一、强调句型:It+is/was+…that…
【典型考例】
1.(2013天津卷)It was not until near the end of the letter______ she mentioned her own plan.
A.that B.where C.why D.when
2.(2013新课标II卷)It was only after he had read the papers ______Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.
A.when B.that C.which D.what
【答案与解析】A;B。这两题都考查强调句。题1考查固定句型not…until的强调句,其句型结构为:It was not until…that+句子。题2可还原为Mr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete only after he had read the papers,即可判断强调部分是状语“only after he had read the papers”。
【句型归纳】强调句型基本结构是“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who(指人)+句子其他部分”,被强调部分可以是除了谓语动词的其他任何成分。同时,强调结构与其他含it的结构非常相似,很容易混淆。区别办法:如去掉It is/was…that…结构后句子仍然成立,则为强调结构。
二、表条件的祈使句型:祈使句+and/or+陈述句
【典型考例】
1.(2013四川卷)Read this story,_______ you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.
A.or B.and C.but D.so
2.(2013北京卷)Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs_______ you could have problems.
A.or B.and C.but D.so
【答案与解析】B;A。这两题考查固定句型“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”。题1句意:读这个故事,然后你就会明白并不是所有东西都能用钱买到。此处表顺承关系,故用and。题2句意:在你关闭所有程序之前不要关掉电脑,否则可能出现问题。此处表转折关系,故用or。
【句型归纳】“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”相当于一个条件状语从句,and表顺承关系,而or表转折关系,意为“否则”、“要不然的话”,or还可用or else或otherwise替换。该句型有如下两种变化形式:
(1)“祈使句+破折号+陈述句”如:
Hurry up—perhaps you’ll catch the train.赶快,也许你会赶上火车的。
(2)“名词词组+and+陈述句”如:
名词词组中通常含有more,another,further,earlier等词。如:
A few minutes more,and I could have finished the task.要是多几分钟的话,我就可能完成这个任务了。
三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气句型:主语+谓语动词“(should)+动词原形”
【典型考例】
1.(2013陕西卷)My mom suggests that we ____ eat out for a change this weekend.
A.should B.might C.could D.would
2.(2013浙江卷)Eye doctors recommend that a ch-
ild’s first eye exam _____ at the age of six months old.
A.was B.be C.were D.is
【答案与解析】A;B。考查虚拟语气的用法。根据语法规则,suggest和recommend后的宾语从句谓语动词用should+动词原形,should可省略,故分别选A和B。
【句型归纳】在某些动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。常见的这类动词有“一个坚持”(insist);“两个命令”(order,command);“四个建议”(suggest,advise,propose,recommend)“五个要求”(ask,require,demand,request,urge)。
四、条件句中的虚拟语气句型:If+主语+had done…(或Had+主语+done),主语+ would/should/might/could have done…(对过去的虚拟)
【典型考例】
1.(2013福建卷)—Do you think George has passed the driving test? —No.If so,he_____his car to our college yesterday.
A.would drive B.drove
C.would have driven D.had driven
2.(2013江苏卷)I should not have laughed if I
you were serious.
A.thought B.would think
C.had thought D.have thought
【答案与解析】C;C。考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法。题1句意:——你认为George通过了驾照考试了吗?——没有。如果通过的话,昨天他就会开车来我们大学了。结合语境,主句用would have done。题2根据主句中should not have laughed可知此处是对过去事情的虚拟,因此if从句中谓语用过去完成时。
【句型归纳】条件句中的虚拟语气句型有三个:(1)If+主语+had done…,主语+ would/should/might/could have done…(表示对过去的虚拟);(2)If+主语+did/were…,主语+ would/should/might/could do…(表示对现在的虚拟);(3)If+主语+should do/were to do/did…,主语+would/should/might/could do…(表示对将来的虚拟)。如条件句中有were/had/should这三个词,则可省略if,把这三个词放到句首。
五、it作形式宾语的句型:sb. think/consid-
er/believe/make…+it+adj./n. +(for sb.) to do/that-从句
【典型考例】
1.(2012陕西卷)No matter where he is,he makes _____a rule to go for a walk before breakfast.
A.him B.this C.that D.it
2.(2012山东卷)The two girls are so alike that strangers find _____different to tell one from the other.
A.it B.them C.her D.that
【答案与解析】D;A。题1和题2都是考查it作形式宾语的用法。题1中,it代替真正宾语to go for a walk;题2中,it代替真正宾语to tell one from the other。
【句型归纳】当不定式、动名词或从句充当宾语且宾语后有宾语补足语时,可将宾语后置并用it作形式宾语,it本身无词义。常见句型为:
(1)sb.think/consider/believe/make…+it +adj./n.+ (for sb.)to do/that-从句
如:I think it useful that we take regular exercise every day.
(2)like/enjoy/love/hate/dislike/appreciate/prefer+ it+if/when-从句
如:I hate it when people speak with their mouths full of food.
六、状语从句的省略结构:状语从句连接词+n./adj./adv./doing/done /to do…,+主句
【典型考例】
1.(2013浙江卷) There are some health problems that,when ______ in time,can become bigger ones later on.
A.not treated B.not being treated
C.not to be treated D.not have been treated
2.(2012安徽卷) When ______ for his views about his teaching job,Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.
A.asking B.asked
C.having asked D.to be asked
【答案与解析】A;B。题1和题2都是考查状语从句的省略情况,根据状语从句的省略规则,在题1空白处加上some health problems are,则容易确定答案为A;题2空白处加上Philip was,则容易确定答案为B。
【句型归纳】状语从句中的省略有两种情况:(1)如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式(am/is/are/was/were),可同时省略从句的主语和be动词。(2)如果从句中有it is/was,并且无意义,则可把它们一起省略。如:If it is necessary,I will buy this dictionary.=If necessary,I will buy this dictionary.
七、主动表被动的句型:主语+be+adj.+to do
【典型考例】
1.(2012辽宁卷) This machine is very easy______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A.operating B.to be operating
C.operated D.to operate
2.(2011安徽卷)Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier ______ into small pieces.
A.break B.breaking C.broken D.to break
【答案与解析】D;D。题1句意:这台机器很容易操作,任何人可在几分钟内学会使用。题2句意:汤姆问糖果制造商他们是否可以把巧克力制作得更容易弄碎些。be+easy/difficult/hard…后常跟不定式的主动式表示被动意义。题2可变成:The chocolate is easier to break into small pieces.
【句型归纳】在“主语+be+adj.+to do…”句型中,adj.常为easy,hard,difficult,pleasant,comfortable,fit,nice,interesting,heavy,light,important,possible等,不定式与句子的主语通常是逻辑上的动宾关系。
八、倍数的表达句型:倍数+as…as
【典型考例】
1.(2013安徽卷)It’s said that the power plant is now ______large as what it was.
A.twice as B.as twice
C.twice much D.much twice
2.(2012全国卷)This restaurant wasn’t ______that other restaurant we went to.
A.half as good as B.as half good as
C.as good as half D.good as half as
【答案与解析】A;A。这两题都是考查倍数的表达方式“倍数+as…as”结构。题1句意:据说这个发电厂现在是以前的两倍大。题2句意:这家餐厅不如我们去过的其他餐厅一半好。
【句型归纳】用形容词表示甲是乙的几倍时,可用下面三个句型,用副词表示则一般只用前两个句型。(1)……倍数+形容词(或副词)的比较级+than,表示“……比……大/长/宽几倍”; (2)……倍数+as+形容词(或 much)或副词+as, 表示“……是……倍”;(3)……倍数+the size(length,height…)of ,表示“几倍大小(长短、数量等)”。
如:这条河流是那条河流的五倍长。可译成:
This river is four times longer than that one.
This river is five times as long as that one.
This river is five times the length of that one.
九、让步状语从句句型:No matter how+ adj. /adv. +主语+谓语
【典型考例】
1.(2013辽宁卷)One can always manage to do more things,no matter________ full one’s schedule is in life.
A.how B.what C.when D.where
2.(2011辽宁卷)No matter how ______,it is not necessarily lifeless.
A.a desert may be dry B.dry a desert may be
C.may a desert be dry D.dry may a desert be
【答案与解析】A;B。题1句意:一个人无论他的日程多满,总是能设法做更多的事情。空后的full是形容词,用 how修饰,构成让步状语从句。题2句意:无论沙漠多么干燥,都不会是毫无生机的。no matter how后面要跟形容词或副词,再加主语和谓语。故选B。
【句型归纳】no matter how=however意为“无论怎样”,引导让步状语从句时,后面要跟形容词或副词,再加主语和谓语动词。
十、as引导的让步状语从句句型:n./adj./adv./v.+as+主语+谓语动词
【典型考例】
1.(2012陕西卷)Hot _______the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
A.although B.as C.while D.however
2.(2011全国大纲卷)Try ______she might,Sue couldn’t get the door open.
A.if B.when C.since D.as
【答案与解析】B;D。题1句意:尽管夜间的空气很热,但我们睡得很沉,因为长途旅行之后,我们太累了。表语hot提前,用as引导让步状语从句,although不能用于倒装结构。题2句意:尽管想尽一切办法苏还是不能打开那扇门。动词try 提前,因此用as引导让步状语从句。
【句型归纳】as做“虽然”讲时,要用倒装结构,主要体现在三种情况:表语(名词/形容词)+as+主语+谓语(若表语是单数名词,不用不定冠词);状语(副词)+as+主语+谓语;动词+as+主语+谓语。 十一、部分倒装句型:助动词(be/do/have)+主语+谓语+其他
【典型考例】
1.(2013湖南卷)Not once ________ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.
A.occurred it B.it did occur
C.it occurred D.did it occur
2.(2013福建卷)Not until he went through real hardship _____the love we have for our families is important.
A.had he realized B.did he realize
C.he realized D.he had realized
3.(2013江苏卷)“Never for a second,”the boy says,“ ______ that my father would come to my rescue.”
A.I doubt B.I have doubted
C.do I doubt D.did I doubt
【答案与解析】D;B;D。这三题分别有表否定意义的词not,not until,never放于句首,因此主句需用部分倒装;根据语境可知都是一般过去时。
【句型归纳】(1)部分倒装:只将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语之前的倒装称为半倒装或部分倒装。高考常考的部分倒装有以下四种:①表否定意义的单词或短语放于句首,如hardly,seldom,never,little,not,not only,in no way,by no means,in no case等;②only+副词、短语或从句,用于句首表示强调时;③以so开头的句子,表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者,如so+谓语+主语,表“……也如此”;④以neither,nor开头的句子,表示前面否定的情况也适用于后者,如neither/nor+谓语+主语,表“……也不”。
(2)全部倒装:将谓语动词完全移到主语之前的倒装称为全部倒装。Here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副词或表地点的介词短语放于句首,主语是名词时,句子要用全部倒装;但主语是代词时,主谓不倒装。
如:(2010重庆卷)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and Jialing River_____ ,one of the largest cities in China.
A.lies Chongqing B.Chongqing lies
C.does lie Chongqing D.does Chongqing lie
答案:A
十二、对过去行为的推测句型:情态动词+ have+done
【典型考例】
1.(2013陕西卷)The children ______lost in the woods; otherwise,they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled.
A.must have got B.must get
C.should have got D.should get
2.(2013新课标II卷)Since nobody gave him any help,he_____ have done the research on his own.
A.can B.must C.would D.need
【答案与解析】A;B。题1句意:孩子们一定在树林里迷路了,否则,他们已按计划到达湖边的营地了。题2句意:由于没人帮他,所以他一定是一个人做的那个调查。这两题都是对过去行为的肯定推测,因此用“must have done”句型。
【句型归纳】常见的对过去行为的推测句型有以下几种:(1)“must+ have+ done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“一定做过某事”,只用于肯定句。(2)“can’t/couldn’t +have +done”表示对过去事情的否定推测,译成“不可能做过某事”。(3)“may/might+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测,意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”,用于肯定句中。(4)“should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事,而实际没做”。“shouldn’t+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事,而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。(5)“need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做,“needn’t+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。
十三、含被动语态的句型:Sb./ Sth.+be +v-ed +其他
【典型考例】
1.(2013北京卷)—So what is the procedure?
—All the applicants______before a final decision is made by the authority.
A.interview B.are interviewing
C.are interviewed D.are being interviewed
2.(2013辽宁卷)We are confident that the environment ______by our further efforts to reduce pollution.
A.had been improved B.will be improved
C.is improved D.was improved
【答案与解析】C;B。考查被动语态。题1句意:——程序是什么?——所有的申请人面试后再由当局做出最终决定。此处叙述的是客观事实,applicants与interview之间是被动关系,用一般现在时的被动,故选C。题2句意:我们相信环境会在我们进一步减少污染的努力下得以改善。由题干中的“We are confident that”可知此处要表将来意义的被动,故选B。
【句型归纳】当句子的主语是动作的承受者时,谓语动词的形式用被动语态。被动语态基本结构为:Sb./Sth.+be+v-ed+其他,时态通过be来体现;含情态动词的被动语态结构为:Sb./Sth.+情态动词+be+v-ed+其他。