1.贸易保护主义和新贸易保护主义。此处所指的贸易保护主义已有别于李斯特等人当年的贸易保护论述,其主旨“不是保护国内幼稚产业,而是保护国内正走向衰落的垄断工业;不是为培养自由竞争的能力,而是为巩固和加强对国内外市场的垄断;不是防御性地限制出口,而是在垄断国内市场的基础上向国外市场进攻;它要求别国向其开放市场,而不愿向别国开放市场”。 1. Trade protectionism and new trade protectionism. The protectionism here refers to trade protectionism, which is different from that of Liszt et al., Whose purpose is “not to protect domestic infant industries but to protect domestic monopoly industries that are going downwards; not to cultivate the ability to compete freely, It is aimed at consolidating and strengthening the monopoly over the markets both at home and abroad. Instead of defensively restricting exports, it attacks the foreign markets on the basis of monopolizing the domestic market. It requires other countries to open their markets to them rather than open markets to other countries ”.