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为了揭示森林小流域融雪径流特征及其影响因素,以大兴安岭北部老爷岭小流域为研究对象,对初春融雪径流进行野外定位观测,基于试验观测数据分析了融雪径流的变化特征,以及温度、降雨和冻土对融雪径流的影响。结果表明:2015年大兴安岭北部森林小流域融雪径流开始于4月17日,结束于5月7日,融雪径流历时21d;整个融雪径流过程呈先涨流、后回落、再稳定3个阶段,径流量介于0.08~1.09 m~3/s;5月11日后径流趋于稳定,径流量波动于0.46 m~3/s。融雪径流前期和后期日径流存在明显昼夜流量差,而洪峰期差异不大,洪峰流量可持续24 h左右。融雪径流过程径流量受多重因子的影响,其中受温度影响较大,二者相关系数r在0.85以上;径流量对气温的敏感性最大,敏感系数ε高达0.54;土表的融化会相应加大融雪径流量,而下层土壤的融化会削减融雪径流量;降雨可加大涨流期的径流量,延缓回落期径流量的回落速率,且降雨量越大对径流量的驱动力越强。
In order to reveal the characteristics of snowmelt runoff and its influencing factors in the small watershed of the forest, Laoyeling watershed in the northern part of the Greater Hinggan Mountains was used as a study object to investigate the snowmelt runoff in early spring. The changes of snowmelt runoff were analyzed based on the experimental observations. Influence of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff. The results showed that the snowmelt runoff in the forest catchments in the northern Daxinganling Mountains started on April 17, 2015 and ended on May 7, and the snowmelt runoff lasted 21 days. The whole process of snowmelt runoff first rose and then dropped back, and then stabilized for three stages. The flow rate ranged from 0.08 to 1.09 m 3 / s. After May 11, the runoff tended to be stable and the runoff fluctuated at 0.46 m 3 / s. Snowmelt runoff before and after the daily runoff there is a clear difference between day and night flow, while the peak difference is not, flood peak flow sustainable 24 h. The runoff of snowmelt runoff is affected by multiple factors, of which the temperature is greatly affected, and the correlation coefficient r between them is above 0.85. The sensitivity of runoff to air temperature is the highest, and the sensitivity coefficient ε is as high as 0.54. Snowmelt runoff, while the melting of the lower soil will reduce snowmelt runoff; rainfall can increase the runoff of the inflow period, slow down the fall rate of falloff runoff, and the greater the rainfall the greater the driving force of runoff.