Background: The conventional approaches to diabetes screening are potentially limited by poor compliance and laboratory demand.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial urine glucose (PUG) in screening for diabetes in Chinese high-risk population.Methods: Nine hundred and nine subjects with high-risk factors of diabetes underwent oral glucose tolerance test after an ovight fast.FPG, hemoglobin A 1 c, 2-h plasma glucose (2 h-PG), and 2 h-PUG were evaluated.Diabetes and prediabetes were defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria.The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 2 h-PUG, and the optimal cut-offdetermined to provide the largest Youden index.Spearman correlation was used for relationship analysis.Results: Among 909 subjects, 33.4％ (304/909) of subjects had prediabetes, and 17.2％ (156/909) had diabetes.The 2 h-PUG was positively related to FPG and 2 h-PG (r =0.428 and 0.551, respectively, both P ＜ 0.001).For estimation of 2 h-PG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L and 2 h-PG ≥ 1 1.1 mmol/L using 2 h-PUG, the area under the ROC curve were 0.772 (95％ confidence interval [CI]: 0.738-0.806) and 0.885 (95％ CI:0.850~.921), respectively.The corresponding optimal cut-offs for 2 h-PUG were 5.6 mmol/L and 7.5 mmol/L, respectively.Compared with FPG alone, FPG combined with 2 h-PUG had a higher sensitivity for detecting glucose abnormalities (84.1％ vs.73.7％, P ＜ 0.001) and diabetes (82.7％ vs.48.1％, P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion: FPG combined with 2 h-PUG substantially improves the sensitivity in detecting prediabetes and diabetes relative to FPG alone, and may represent an efficient layperson-oriented diabetes screening method.