BACKGROUND:?The ischemic-type biliary lesion (ITBL) is one of the most serious biliary complications of liver transplantation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) implantation on neovascularization and the prevention of intrahepatic ITBL in a rabbit model. METHODS:?The rabbits were divided into control, experimental model, and cell implantation groups, with 10 in each group. The model of intrahepatic ITBL was established by clamping the hepatic artery and common bile duct. Autologous BM-MNCs were isolated from the tibial plateau by density gradient centrifugation and were implanted through the common hepatic artery. Changes in such biochemical markers as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured. Four weeks after operation, cholangiography, histopathological manifestations, differenti-ation of BM-MNCs, microvessel density and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor were assessed. RESULTS:?Compared with the experimental model group, the BM-MNC implantation group showed superiority in the time to recover normal biochemistry. The microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression of the implantation group were signiifcantly higher than those of the control and experimental model groups. The ITBL in the experimental model group was more severe than that in the implantation group and fewer new capillary blood vessels occurred around it. CONCLUSIONS:?Implanted autologous BM-MNCs can differen-tiate into vascular endothelial cells, promote neovascu-larization and improve the blood supply to the ischemic bile duct, and this provides a new way to diminish or prevent intrahepatic ITBL after liver transplantation.