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许多物理或化学过程都涉及固体的表面,但早期有关这方面的研究大部分不太可靠。主要原因是当时人们还没有掌握获得和维持极净表面的实验技术,故被研究的表面或多或少总是被沾污了的。近十余年来,超高真空(指气压低于10~(-8)毫米汞柱的真空)技术飞速发展,基本上解决了极净表面的维持问题;有关这方面的技术已有许多专著,故不赘述。在本文中,我们仅就获得和鉴定极净表面的各种方法作一扼要的介绍,以便从事于表面物理和表面化学的实验工作者根据研究的对象和要求,选择适宜的方法。有关这些方法更详细的叙述,可参考文末所引的文献。
Many physical or chemical processes involve solid surfaces, but much of the early research in this area was less reliable. The main reason was that at that time, people did not grasp the experimental technique of obtaining and maintaining a very clear surface, so the surface being studied was more or less always contaminated. In the recent ten years, the rapid development of ultrahigh vacuum (referring to vacuum below 10-8 mmHg) has largely solved the problem of maintaining extremely clean surfaces; many monographs have been published on this aspect of the technology , So do not go into details. In this paper, we only give a brief introduction on the methods of obtaining and identifying extremely clean surfaces so that lab workers engaged in surface and surface chemistry can choose the appropriate method according to the objects and requirements of the study. For a more detailed description of these methods, reference can be made to the literature cited at the end of this article.