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鲸鱼是不是鱼这个原本属于“自然秩序”的问题在1818年由纽约市法院做出了裁决。审查这桩冷案,伯内特看到社会秩序对自然秩序的干涉,塞恩斯伯里看到建设一种完善的元语言学理论的需要,菲利普斯看到指称对意向的依赖。鲸案牵扯到的问题意外地丰富和复杂:如何判断词的同一性?语言游戏和概念的变迁是如何实现的?自然种类是否依赖于语言社会分工?自然秩序在何种程度上受到社会秩序的干扰?这些问题交织在一起,显现于鲸案中。
The problem that the whale was a fish that originally belonged to the “natural order” was decided by the New York City court in 1818. Examining this cold case, Burnet saw the interference of the social order with the natural order, and Sainsbury’s need to construct a sound metalanguage theory, and Phillips saw the reliance on allegations of allegations. The problems involved in whale cases are surprisingly rich and complex: How to judge the identity of words? How are the changes in language games and concepts realized? Are natural species dependent on the division of language in society? To what extent are natural orders subject to social order? Interference? These questions are intertwined and appear in whale cases.