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英语的基本语序是主语 谓语。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前,这种语序叫做倒装语序。倒装一般可分为部分倒装和全部倒装。部分倒装是把句中谓语的一部分,如助动词、情态动词或系动词等,放到主语前面。全部倒装就是把整个谓语都放在主语的前面。本文拟结合高考试题全方位透析倒装句,以帮助学生学习备考。
一、倒装的几大条件
1. 以no,not,never,seldom,hardly,little等否定词开头的句子或以by no means,not until,not a word,not a single等含有否定词词组开头的句子,一般用部分倒装。如:
1)Never shall I forget it.
2)Hardly could we understand him because he spoke too fast.
【考例】(07安徽卷)Little_________that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.
A.he realized B. he didn’t realize
C. didn’t he realize D. did he realize
[解析]否定词(如not,no,seldom,hardly,little等)位于居首时,主句的主谓结构须部分倒装,同时上下文时态要一致,所以选D。
2.当句子以so,neither,nor开头,表示前面肯定或否定的内容也适合于后面的人或物,要用部分倒装。如:
1)You must start for the park. So must I.
2)I have never been abroad.Neither has he.
【考例】(03北京卷)After that we never saw her again,nor_____from her.
A.did we hearB. we heard
C. had we heardD. we have heard
[解析]neither,nor,so放句首,表示前面所说的内容情况也适用于另一个人或物,此时用部分倒装,又根据上下文,判断出要用过去时,所以选A。
注意如果so引导的句子只是对前一句内容的重复,而不是表示其内容也适合于另外一人或物,则不用倒装,so此时是表示“的确如此”。如:
——She studies very hard. 她学习非常刻苦。
——So she does. 她学习的确很刻苦。
3. 以only 状语/状语从句放在句首时,主句用部分倒装(注意如果only修饰主语,虽放句首,不用倒装。如:Only he passed the examination.如:
1)Only in this way can we succeed.
2)Only when I have seen it with my own eyes will I believe it.
【考例】(04重庆卷) Only after I read the text over again_____ its main idea.
A. I could understandB. I can catch
C. did I know D. I followed
[解析]only 状语/状语从句放在句首时,主句用部分倒装,所以选C。
4.在“so adj./adv...that分句”结构中,如将“so adj./adv”置于句首以示强调时,主句须用倒装。
【考例】(07上海卷)——Did you see who the driver was?
——No,so quickly_____that I couldn’t get a good look at his face.
A.did the car speed byB. the car sped by
C.does the car speed byD. the car speeds by
[解析]当so adj./adv... that引导的结果状语从句,若so adj./adv置于句首时,主句须用倒装。联系上下文,时态应用过去时,所以选A。
5.以hardly...when,no sooner...than,not only...but also引导连个分句时,将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装,后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。(注意hardly...when及no sooner...than中,主句往往用过去完成时)。如:
1)Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.
2)Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also his German citizenship.
【考例】(06天津卷)——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No, no sooner _____than it happened.
A. had she goneB. she had gone
C. has she goneD. she has gone
[解析]在hardly...when,no sooner...than结构中,主句要用过去完成时,又因no sooner置于句首,须用部分倒装。所以选A.
6. as引导让步状语从句时,句子要用倒装,即将从句中的表语、状语提到as的前面,其它语序不变。(注意although引导让步状语从句时,不用倒装)如:
1)Old as he is, he works hard. =Although he is old,he works hard.
2)Strange as it may seem,it is true.=Although it may seem strange,it is true.
【考例】(07重庆卷)_____his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
A.Strange as might it sound B.As it might sound strange
C.As strange it might sound D.Strange as it might sound
[解析]本题考查as引导的让步状语从句,须用倒装。即表语strange放于as前,其它主谓语序不变,所以选D。
[提示]在as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的单数可数名次前不用任何冠词。如:
Child as he is,he knows a lot of English.他虽然是个孩子,却懂得很多英语。
7.当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had,were或should等词时,如将if省略,则要将had,were或should等移到主语前,作部分或完全倒装。如:
1)Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
【考例】(02上海卷)_____for the free ticket,I would not have gone to see the film so often.
A.If it is notB. were it not
C. had it not been D. If they were not
[解析]在虚拟语气中表达与过去事实相反的假设,主句中用“would/should/night/could have 过去分词”,条件从句中用“had 过去分词”,省略if后将助动词had提前,构成部分倒装。所以选C。
8.以表示方位的副词(如here,there,up,down,out,in,away,now,then,等)开头的句子,要完全倒装。谓语动词往往是be,go,come,seem,follow等。若主语是代词,则主谓顺序不倒装。如:
1)There goes the bell.铃响了。
2)Here you are. 给你。
【考例】(01全国卷)We waited and waited,_____we had been looking forward to.
A.Then came the hourB.Then did the hour come
C.The hour cameD.The hour then came
[解析]以here,there,up,down,now,then等开头的句子要完全倒装。所以选A。
一、倒装的几大条件
1. 以no,not,never,seldom,hardly,little等否定词开头的句子或以by no means,not until,not a word,not a single等含有否定词词组开头的句子,一般用部分倒装。如:
1)Never shall I forget it.
2)Hardly could we understand him because he spoke too fast.
【考例】(07安徽卷)Little_________that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business.
A.he realized B. he didn’t realize
C. didn’t he realize D. did he realize
[解析]否定词(如not,no,seldom,hardly,little等)位于居首时,主句的主谓结构须部分倒装,同时上下文时态要一致,所以选D。
2.当句子以so,neither,nor开头,表示前面肯定或否定的内容也适合于后面的人或物,要用部分倒装。如:
1)You must start for the park. So must I.
2)I have never been abroad.Neither has he.
【考例】(03北京卷)After that we never saw her again,nor_____from her.
A.did we hearB. we heard
C. had we heardD. we have heard
[解析]neither,nor,so放句首,表示前面所说的内容情况也适用于另一个人或物,此时用部分倒装,又根据上下文,判断出要用过去时,所以选A。
注意如果so引导的句子只是对前一句内容的重复,而不是表示其内容也适合于另外一人或物,则不用倒装,so此时是表示“的确如此”。如:
——She studies very hard. 她学习非常刻苦。
——So she does. 她学习的确很刻苦。
3. 以only 状语/状语从句放在句首时,主句用部分倒装(注意如果only修饰主语,虽放句首,不用倒装。如:Only he passed the examination.如:
1)Only in this way can we succeed.
2)Only when I have seen it with my own eyes will I believe it.
【考例】(04重庆卷) Only after I read the text over again_____ its main idea.
A. I could understandB. I can catch
C. did I know D. I followed
[解析]only 状语/状语从句放在句首时,主句用部分倒装,所以选C。
4.在“so adj./adv...that分句”结构中,如将“so adj./adv”置于句首以示强调时,主句须用倒装。
【考例】(07上海卷)——Did you see who the driver was?
——No,so quickly_____that I couldn’t get a good look at his face.
A.did the car speed byB. the car sped by
C.does the car speed byD. the car speeds by
[解析]当so adj./adv... that引导的结果状语从句,若so adj./adv置于句首时,主句须用倒装。联系上下文,时态应用过去时,所以选A。
5.以hardly...when,no sooner...than,not only...but also引导连个分句时,将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装,后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。(注意hardly...when及no sooner...than中,主句往往用过去完成时)。如:
1)Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.
2)Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also his German citizenship.
【考例】(06天津卷)——Did Linda see the traffic accident?
——No, no sooner _____than it happened.
A. had she goneB. she had gone
C. has she goneD. she has gone
[解析]在hardly...when,no sooner...than结构中,主句要用过去完成时,又因no sooner置于句首,须用部分倒装。所以选A.
6. as引导让步状语从句时,句子要用倒装,即将从句中的表语、状语提到as的前面,其它语序不变。(注意although引导让步状语从句时,不用倒装)如:
1)Old as he is, he works hard. =Although he is old,he works hard.
2)Strange as it may seem,it is true.=Although it may seem strange,it is true.
【考例】(07重庆卷)_____his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
A.Strange as might it sound B.As it might sound strange
C.As strange it might sound D.Strange as it might sound
[解析]本题考查as引导的让步状语从句,须用倒装。即表语strange放于as前,其它主谓语序不变,所以选D。
[提示]在as引导的让步状语从句中,作表语的单数可数名次前不用任何冠词。如:
Child as he is,he knows a lot of English.他虽然是个孩子,却懂得很多英语。
7.当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had,were或should等词时,如将if省略,则要将had,were或should等移到主语前,作部分或完全倒装。如:
1)Should it rain,the crops would be saved.=If it should rain,the crops would be saved.
【考例】(02上海卷)_____for the free ticket,I would not have gone to see the film so often.
A.If it is notB. were it not
C. had it not been D. If they were not
[解析]在虚拟语气中表达与过去事实相反的假设,主句中用“would/should/night/could have 过去分词”,条件从句中用“had 过去分词”,省略if后将助动词had提前,构成部分倒装。所以选C。
8.以表示方位的副词(如here,there,up,down,out,in,away,now,then,等)开头的句子,要完全倒装。谓语动词往往是be,go,come,seem,follow等。若主语是代词,则主谓顺序不倒装。如:
1)There goes the bell.铃响了。
2)Here you are. 给你。
【考例】(01全国卷)We waited and waited,_____we had been looking forward to.
A.Then came the hourB.Then did the hour come
C.The hour cameD.The hour then came
[解析]以here,there,up,down,now,then等开头的句子要完全倒装。所以选A。