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[目的]了解汽车制造企业接触电焊烟尘工人职业健康状况,探讨电焊作业工人健康保护措施。[方法]对2015年广州市两家大型汽车制造企业3 740名电焊作业男性工人进行职业健康检查,对肺通气功能、血压、心电图和肝功能等指标进行统计学分析。[结果]生产车间存在的职业病危害因素包括粉尘(电焊烟尘、铝尘)、锰及其无机化合物、噪声、酸雾或酸酐等。各危害因素浓度均未超过国家规定的职业接触限值。出现肺功能异常的电焊作业工人的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)异常率高于肺功能正常组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随着年龄的增长,血压、空腹血糖、脉率、ALT异常的检出率呈上升趋势,心电图异常检出率随年龄的增加呈下降趋势,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01或0.05)。肺功能异常在小于25岁年龄段检出率最高,为11.72%,AST异常检出率在30~34岁年龄段最高,为4.63%。随着接尘工龄的增长,血压、空腹血糖、ALT、AST异常的检出率呈上升趋势,心电图异常检出率呈下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。肺功能异常检出率在11~年接尘工龄组检出率最高,为11.74%。[结论]电焊烟尘、年龄和接尘工龄是可能影响电焊作业工人肺通气功能、心血管系统和消化系统健康的相关因素,应采取有效的综合预防措施来保障电焊作业工人的职业健康。
[Objective] To understand the occupational health status of automobile manufacturing workers exposed to welding smoke and dust and to discuss the health protection measures of the workers in welding work. [Methods] A total of 3 740 male workers in two major automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangzhou City were enrolled in 2015 for occupational health examination. The lung ventilation function, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and liver function were analyzed statistically. [Result] The occupational hazards in production workshop included dust (welding dust, aluminum dust), manganese and its inorganic compounds, noise, acid mist or acid anhydride. The concentrations of all the hazards did not exceed the national occupational exposure limits. The abnormal rate of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in workers with abnormal lung function was higher than that in normal lung function group (P <0.01). With the increase of age, the detection rate of abnormal blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, pulse rate and ALT showed an upward trend. The detection rate of ECG abnormality decreased with the increase of age, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.01 or 0.05). The detection rate of abnormal lung function was the highest in patients younger than 25 years old, which was 11.72%. The detection rate of AST abnormalities was the highest in age group of 30 ~ 34 years (4.63%). With the increase of service life, the detection rate of abnormal blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, ALT and AST showed an upward trend, and the abnormal rate of ECG showed a decreasing trend with a significant difference (P <0.01). The detection rate of abnormal lung function in the 11 ~ year dust collection age group highest detection rate of 11.74%. [Conclusion] The welding dust, age and dusting service age are the related factors that may affect the lung ventilation function, cardiovascular system and digestive system health of workers in welding operation. Effective comprehensive precautionary measures should be taken to protect the occupational health of the welding workers.