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动词过去分词作状语
一、过去分词作状语所表示的意义:
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等情况。表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的过去分词相当于相对应的状语从句,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致,过去分词与逻辑主语一般是被动关系。
二、过去分词作状语的分类:
一般式(done):表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
完成式(having been done):强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Scolded by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.(一般式)
由于被老师批评了,那个女孩低着头坐在那儿。
Having been thoroughly cleaned, the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.(完成式)
经过彻底清扫之后,这座花园比以往任何时候都美。
三、过去分词作状语的用法:
(1) 作时间状语:
When heated, water can be changed into steam.
水加热后可以变成蒸汽。
(2) 作原因状语:
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
有了著名侦探的指点,这位年轻的姑娘不再害怕了。
Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.
他匆忙做的作业错误百出。
(3) 作条件状语:
Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
如果再精心照料一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好。
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
和你相比,我们还有很大的差距。
(4) 作让步状语:
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
虽然被对方打败了,选手们并没有灰心丧气。
(5) 作方式或伴随状语:
She sat by the window, lost in thought.
她坐在窗前,陷于沉思。(方式)
The hunter left his house, followed by his dog.
猎人离开了屋子,后面跟着他的狗。(伴随)
四、过去分词作状语相当于与之相对应的状语从句:
(1) 过去分词作时间状语相当于由when引导的时间状语从句。如果两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when,while等使其时间意义更明确。
Asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
= When he was asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
当他被问到发生了什么事时,他低下了头。
(2) 过去分词作原因状语相当于由as,since,because引导的原因状语从句,这类状语多放在句子前半部分。
Frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
= Because/As she was frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
因为害怕老虎,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
(3) 过去分词作条件状语相当于由if,unless引导的条件状语从句。有时为了使句子意思更为明确,可在分词前保留if,unless。
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
= If these seeds are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
(4) 过去分词作让步状语相当于由though,although引导的让步状语从句。
Left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
= Although he was left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
虽然约翰被单独留在房间里,但是他一点都不害怕。
(5) 过去分词作方式状语或伴随状语时,相当于由and连接的并列句。
The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.
= The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
老师进入教室,后面跟着一帮学生。
注意:
状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词 + 过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 五、过去分词作状语的位置:
过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。
Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
= He stood there silently, moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
注意:
1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作:
(1) 过去分词如果同时表被动和动作完成,常可换用现在分词的被动完成式;
Discussed (= Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last.
在讨论了多次之后,问题终于解决了。
(2) 过去分词如果只表被动,不表完成,则不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用。
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。
(3) 有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost,seated,hidden,stationed,lost/absorbed in,born,dressed in,tired of。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语。
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。
拓展:
如果过去分词作状语时,前面带有逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。
The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出,公共汽车就开动了。
Her head held high, she went by.
她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。
一、过去分词作状语所表示的意义:
过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等情况。表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的过去分词相当于相对应的状语从句,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致,过去分词与逻辑主语一般是被动关系。
二、过去分词作状语的分类:
一般式(done):表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
完成式(having been done):强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Scolded by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head.(一般式)
由于被老师批评了,那个女孩低着头坐在那儿。
Having been thoroughly cleaned, the garden looked more beautiful than ever before.(完成式)
经过彻底清扫之后,这座花园比以往任何时候都美。
三、过去分词作状语的用法:
(1) 作时间状语:
When heated, water can be changed into steam.
水加热后可以变成蒸汽。
(2) 作原因状语:
Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid.
有了著名侦探的指点,这位年轻的姑娘不再害怕了。
Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes.
他匆忙做的作业错误百出。
(3) 作条件状语:
Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
如果再精心照料一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好。
Compared with you, we still have a long way to go.
和你相比,我们还有很大的差距。
(4) 作让步状语:
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.
虽然被对方打败了,选手们并没有灰心丧气。
(5) 作方式或伴随状语:
She sat by the window, lost in thought.
她坐在窗前,陷于沉思。(方式)
The hunter left his house, followed by his dog.
猎人离开了屋子,后面跟着他的狗。(伴随)
四、过去分词作状语相当于与之相对应的状语从句:
(1) 过去分词作时间状语相当于由when引导的时间状语从句。如果两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when,while等使其时间意义更明确。
Asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
= When he was asked what had happened, he lowered his head.
当他被问到发生了什么事时,他低下了头。
(2) 过去分词作原因状语相当于由as,since,because引导的原因状语从句,这类状语多放在句子前半部分。
Frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
= Because/As she was frightened by the tiger, the girl didn’t dare to sleep alone.
因为害怕老虎,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
(3) 过去分词作条件状语相当于由if,unless引导的条件状语从句。有时为了使句子意思更为明确,可在分词前保留if,unless。
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
= If these seeds are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
(4) 过去分词作让步状语相当于由though,although引导的让步状语从句。
Left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
= Although he was left at home, John didn’t feel afraid at all.
虽然约翰被单独留在房间里,但是他一点都不害怕。
(5) 过去分词作方式状语或伴随状语时,相当于由and连接的并列句。
The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of students.
= The teacher entered the classroom, and he was followed by a group of students.
老师进入教室,后面跟着一帮学生。
注意:
状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成“连词 + 过去分词”结构作状语。
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。 五、过去分词作状语的位置:
过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开。
Moved to tears, he stood there silently.
= He stood there silently, moved to tears.
他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶。
注意:
1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作:
(1) 过去分词如果同时表被动和动作完成,常可换用现在分词的被动完成式;
Discussed (= Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last.
在讨论了多次之后,问题终于解决了。
(2) 过去分词如果只表被动,不表完成,则不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用。
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
从山上看这个公园非常漂亮。
(3) 有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:lost,seated,hidden,stationed,lost/absorbed in,born,dressed in,tired of。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought, he didn’t hear the sound.
因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语。
Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮。
拓展:
如果过去分词作状语时,前面带有逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构。
The signal given, the bus started.
信号一发出,公共汽车就开动了。
Her head held high, she went by.
她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去。