美国伯克利加州大学信息学院院长、著名经济学家范里安教授认为,经济学家根据最优选择来确定信息的价值。当消费者在作出最大化期望效用或最小化期望成本的选择时,信息的价值就是信息改善了选择而导致的期望效用增量。范里安教授举例说,假设给某位女士两个信封,一个信封内有100美元的奖金,另一个信封里则什么也没有,允许她打开其中一个信封并得到里面的东西。在没有任何信息的情况下,她会随机选择从而获得期望报酬50美 According to Professor Fan Lian, dean of the University of California, Berkeley School of Informatics and a famous economist, economists determine the value of information based on the best choice. When consumers make the choice of maximizing the expected utility or minimizing the expected cost, the value of the information is the expected increase in utility resulting from the information improving the selection. For example, Professor Fanarian, for example, assumed that for a woman two envelopes, a $ 100 prize in one envelope and nothing in the other, allowed her to open one of the envelopes and get inside. Without any information, she randomly chooses to get her desired pay of 50 U.S. dollars