敦煌唐五代及宋初一批农业雇工契,是雇主与被雇人双方基于彼此需求、平等自愿订立的约定,其雇佣关系是一种平等的价值交换关系。契约中的各项预防性条款,只作用于农业生产的顺利进行,并不构成对被雇人的人身束缚和依附。雇契中所给的报酬是可观的,雇主基本上没有占有劳作者的自用价值,对佣作者所创造剩余价值的占有也有限。雇与佣在此实际上是劳动力盈与缺之间的一种调节,反映出一种互助、互惠关系。它是中世纪时期比较先进的一种雇佣关系。 The contracts of agricultural employment in Dunhuang during the Tang and the Five Dynasties and the early Song dynasty were agreed on the basis of mutual needs by employers and employers on an equal and voluntary basis. The employment relationship is an equal exchange of value. The precautionary clauses in the contract only act on the smooth progress of agricultural production and do not constitute any bondage or attachment to the employed person. The remuneration given in the employment contract is considerable. The employer basically does not occupy the self-use value of the labor worker and has limited possession of the surplus value created by the domestic worker. Employment and employment are in fact an adjustment between the surplus and the shortage of labor, reflecting a mutual assistance and reciprocal relationship. It is a more advanced employment relationship of the Middle Ages.