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收费公路政策在支撑中国公路快速发展的同时,面临的批评质疑和认识分歧也越来越大。收费公路的舆论是公众在政策制定者既定的制度框架和价值理念标准下对现实问题作出的评价。舆论困境折射出当前理论认识和制度设计大大滞后于发展实践的局面,这就需要对收费公路政策的基本定位进行调整。本文把公共经济学知识同公路技术经济特征结合起来,针对中国发展实际,从公众舆论批评和交通发展战略入手,对收费公路政策的经济合理性进行了深入探讨。研究认为,公路收费是一种特殊的市场机制和供需平衡手段,既可提供融资贡献,也可影响运输需求。收费政策完全可以把公路融资和需求管理结合起来,促进公路行业投资效率和运营效率的提高。只有充分运用清晰的经济学原理和国内外丰富的实践经验,按照由市场机制配置社会资源的基本原则,将受益原则、代际公平、使用者付费等经济理性引入人们的认识,政策才能切实建立在正确的理论与实践基础上,并获得公众广泛和长远的支持。
While supporting toll road development in China, the highway toll policy is facing more and more doubts and dissenting criticisms. Public opinion on toll highways is an assessment of the real problems made by the public under the established institutional framework and values of policymakers. The predicament of public opinion reflects the current theoretical understanding and system design lags far behind the development of practice situation, which requires the toll road policy to adjust the basic positioning. In this paper, we combine the knowledge of public economics with the technical and economic characteristics of highways, and according to the reality of China’s development, start with the public opinion criticism and traffic development strategy, and discuss the economic rationality of toll road policies in depth. According to the research, highway toll collection is a special market mechanism and a balance between supply and demand, which can not only provide financing contribution but also affect transportation demand. The charging policy can completely combine the highway financing and demand management to promote the investment efficiency and operation efficiency of the highway industry. Only by making full use of clear economic principles and rich practical experience both at home and abroad can the policies be rationally established by introducing the economic rationality of benefiting principles, fairness among generations, user fees and other economic rationality into accordance with the basic principles of allocating social resources by market mechanisms On the basis of correct theory and practice, it also enjoys extensive and long-term public support.