鸦片战争前后，清王朝统治下的中国，政治腐败，经济凋敝，内忧外患，纷至沓来，阶级矛盾和民族矛盾日益严重。在中西文化的交汇碰撞中，开始了中国社会的转型。面对这一亘古未有的历史巨变，在思想上首先做出反应的，是地主阶级内部的一批具有改革思想的有识之士，龚自珍... Before and after the Opium War, under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, China was suffering from political corruption, sluggish economy, internal and external disturbances, and a steady stream of class and ethnic conflicts. In the confluence of Chinese and Western cultures, the transformation of Chinese society began. In the face of this unprecedented tremendous change in history, the first person who reacted ideologically was a group of insightful people with reform ideas in the landlord class, Gong Zizhen ...