论文部分内容阅读
导论1985年不仅标志着美国考古学会成立50周年,同时也是朱理安·斯图尔德(Julian Steward)出版《文化演变之理论》一书30周年的纪念日,其中包括他的“文化起因及原理——试述早期文明的发展”一文。美国的人类学学者们对于他的文章及著作都相当熟悉,因为他的理论在过去的30年里,一直指导着该领域的研究方向。30年过去了,现在遇到了我们可以检讨过去的良机,即在探讨早期文明史的过程中,我们取得了哪些成绩,我们今后的研究方向何在?这个论题相当重大,在这篇短文中我无法对此论题及对斯图尔德所探讨的一系列问题作出全面的叙述。我所要做的是探讨以下四个地区在迈向复杂的社会形态时,其酋长制度的发展和早期国家的形态。这四个地区是:美索不达米亚,印度河
Introduction 1985 not only marked the 50th anniversary of the founding of the American Archeology Society, but it was also the anniversary of the publication of Julian Steward’s 30th Anniversary of Theories of Cultural Evolution, including his Cultural Causes and Principle - on the development of early civilization "a text. American anthropologists are familiar with his essays and writings, as his theory has directed research in this field for the past 30 years. Thirty years have passed, and now we have the opportunity to review the past. What achievements have we made in the course of exploring the history of early civilization? Where is our future research direction? This is a topic of great significance. I can not say in this essay A comprehensive account of the topic and a series of questions explored by Stuart. What I have to do is to explore the development of the sheikh system and the shape of the early nations in the following four regions as they move towards complex social formations. The four regions are: Mesopotamia, Indus