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以牛顿力学为核心的近代自然科学研究的哲学基础预设了经典理论与实在之间的镜像关系。这种关系蕴含了两个基本假设:其一,科学理论的可靠性与实在性假设;其二,科学方法与科学仪器的有效性与客观性假设。这种观点曾受到马赫、彭加勒和迪昂等人的质疑,却得到了罗素和维特根斯坦的逻辑原子主义的支持。相对论力学进一步强化了这种关系。量子力学的产生对此提出的挑战是颠覆性的和空前的。量子理论是依赖于测量条件的理论,它与实在之间的关系是一种整体性的模拟关系。模拟的过程是主客观统一的不断相互作用的过程。在这个过程中,理论不再是对实在的直接描述,而是在特定的模型框架内谈论实在或理解实在。谈论实在是在特定条件下对实在的认知内容的表达,对实在机理的间接模拟,不是对实在本身的直接断言,也不是对实在行为变化的镜像表达。这种观点不需要我们放弃长期以来形成的科学有可能使我们认识实在的直觉与追求,而是承认,科学认知过程中存在的辩护等修辞因素也是对科学真理的探索、辩明与阐释。这是一种介于僵化的经典实在论与多元的相对主义视野之间的一种中间领域的语境认识论。
The philosophical basis of modern natural science research centered on Newtonian mechanics presupposes the mirror image relationship between classical theory and reality. This relationship contains two basic assumptions: first, the reliability and realistic assumptions of scientific theories; second, the validity and objectivity assumptions of scientific methods and scientific instruments. This view, once challenged by Mach, Poincaré and Dion, was supported by Logical Atomism by Russell and Wittgenstein. Relativistic mechanics further reinforces this relationship. The challenges posed to quantum mechanics are disruptive and unprecedented. Quantum theory is dependent on the theory of measurement conditions, and its relationship with reality is a holistic analog relationship. The process of simulation is a subjective and objective process of continuous interaction. In this process, theory ceases to be a direct description of reality, but talks about reality or understanding reality within a specific model framework. Talking about the expression of real cognitive content under certain conditions, the indirect simulation of the real mechanism is not a direct assertion of reality itself nor a mirror image of changes in real behavior. This view does not require that we abandon the science that has been formed for a long time and may make us realize the real intuition and pursuit. Instead, we acknowledge that the rhetorical factors such as the defense in the process of scientific cognition are also the exploration, justification and interpretation of scientific truth. This is a kind of intermediate epistemology between the rigid classical realism and multiple relativistic perspectives.