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Pollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed a detailed history of vegetation variation and associated climate changes during the last 13.0 ka BP. Before 12.1 ka BP, steppe or desen-steppe vegetation dominated landscape then was replaced by a co-niferous forest under a generally wet climate (12.1-11.0 ka BP). The vegetation was dete-riorated into steppe landscape and further into a desert-steppe landscape between 11.0 and 9.8 ka BP. After a brief episode of a cool and wet climate (9.8-9.6 ka BP), a relatively mild and dry condition prevailed during the early Holocene (9.6-7.6 ka BP). The most favourable cli-mate of warm and humid period occurred during mid-Holocene (7.6-～4.0 ka BP) marked by forest-steppe landscape and vegetation alternatively changed between steppe and de-sen-steppe from ～4.0 to ～1.0 ka BP.