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Abstract Canine infectious venereal disease tumor （CTVT） is mainly due to a canine infectious intercourse tumor disease which is infected during mating. It is a malignant tumor originating from reticuloendodermis. After infection， the mucosal surface or prepuce of the urogenital tract is destroyed and bleed for a long time after being invaded by tumor tissue， which leads to inflammation of the urogenital tract and longterm blood loss， seriously affecting the health of dogs. In this paper， the clinical diagnosis and treatment of a canine infectious venereal disease （STD） tumor are described， with emphasis on the course of chemotherapy for the disease.
Key words Canine infectious venereal tumor; Laboratory examination; Chemotherapy
Canine infectious venereal disease tumor （CTVT） is mainly due to a canine infectious intercourse tumor disease which is infected during mating[1]. It is a malignant tumor originating from reticuloendodermis. After infection， the mucosal surface or prepuce of the urogenital tract is destroyed and bleed for a long time after being invaded by tumor tissue， which leads to inflammation of the urogenital tract and longterm blood loss， seriously affecting the health of dogs[2]. In this paper， the clinical diagnosis and treatment of a canine infectious venereal disease （STD） tumor are described， with emphasis on the course of chemotherapy for the disease.
Introduction of the case
The diseased animal was a homereared Chinese rural dog， 4 years old， male， 7.5 kg， not sterilized. The main complaint was that the dog had blood stains near the urethral orifice more than a week ago， which was not paid with much attention at that time and thought to be an accidental bruise caused when playing outside. Recently， blood flowing under his body and even hematuria has been observed sometimes， without other abnormalities.
Clinical Examination
Basic examination
The dog was healthy mentally， and had a body temperature at 38.9 ℃， a heart rate at 120 beats/min （normal rhythm）， respiratory times of 20 times/min and a body weight of 7.5 kg. Blood stains were observed at the urethral orifice， and abnormal fleshy protrusions can be found by palpation on the penis mucosa which had an uneven surface. When exposing the penile mucosa， cauliflowerlike protrusions having nodular surface were observed， and were hard and brittle， and blood flowed out after rupture.
Laboratory examination Blood routine examination and blood biochemical examination showed no abnormalities， and the liver function was normal.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy
Sampling
At first， the diseased animal was subjected to induction of anesthesia with propofol[3]. The animal was intravenously injected at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg body weight. After the dog entered anesthesia state， his foreskin was pulled off to expose the tumor. A small portion of the tumor was cut with disinfected surgical scissors as a tissue sample. Immediately after sampling， iodophor was sprayed on the surgical wound， and then it was pressed to stop bleeding with gauze. And conventional antibacterial disinfection treatment was given after the operation. For the removed tissue sample， 1 cm×1 cm was taken for fine needle aspiration biopsy （by Wrights stain） and cytological examination. The remaining tissue sample were immediately stored in formalin solution and sent to Germany LABOKLIN Laboratory （Shanghai） for histopathological examination on the same day， and the results of the examination were given 3 d later.
Cytological examination[4]
The removed tissue sample was repeatedly punctured with an orange needle， and then the tissue fragments were taken on a glass slide for smear， and then subjected to WrightGemsa staining. A large number of round cells were observed through the microscope[5]， and circular vacuoles of different sizes， which were vacuolated round cells， were scattered in the cytoplasm， as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2.
Diagnosis
Comprehensively according to clinical symptoms and laboratory test results， it was initially diagnosed as canine infectious venereal tumor. Three days later， according to the results of histopathological examination by Germany LABOKLIN Laboratory （Shanghai）， a definite diagnosis can be finally made.
Treatment
The diseased animal was weighed to be 7.45 kg， and then blood biochemical examination was performed. The test results were normal， and the liver function was also normal. The first chemotherapy treatment was carried out using vincristine sulfate[6]. During the chemotherapy， intravenous injection was performed according to 2 mg/m 2 body surface area once a week， and the chemotherapy was performed for 3-4 times in total. No obvious adverse reactions were observed in the animal during the treatment， indicating that there was no need to adjust the treatment. The tumor was completely resolved after 4 treatments as described above. It could be known from the telephone interview that the learned that the dog was healthy as usual one month later. The conditions before and after surgery are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4， respectively. Conclusions and Discussion
Canine infectious venereal tumor has very high infectivity， and could easily infect dogs， which can be infected by direct mating with diseased dogs， and the disease has not been found in puppies or young dogs which have not had a mating experience. The lesions are cauliflowerlike， pedunculated or nodular of different sizes， papillate， and lobular occasionally， and they mainly grow on the inner wall of vagina or vulva surface of female dogs， or grow on the penile mucosa of male dogs， occasionally on the foreskin. The tumor is hard and fragile， and is generally difficult to be found. Clinically， the main manifestation is that blood flows uninterruptedly from the urethral orifice， which should not be misdiagnosed as hematuria. In order to effectively prevent this disease， owners must first strengthen the inspection and quarantine of dogs and regularly carry them for physical examination; secondly， the management of diseased dogs should be strengthened; and finally， breeding should be strictly observed.
Methods for treating canine infectious venereal tumor include operation， chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment. Generally， diseased animals are treated with vincristine sulfate for 3-4 weeks. If the effect is not good， doxorubicin is recommended， but its side effects are greater[7]. Operative treatment also could be adopted， but it is difficult to ensure that the tumor is removed completely. Such tumors are malignant tumors， but the lesions generally do not metastasize. Compared with surgical removal， chemotherapy has obvious effect with short cure period.
Before each time of chemotherapy， blood biochemical examination and weighing must be carried out on diseased animals to calculate drug dosage. Because chemotherapy drugs will have certain damage to liver and kidney functions， and will cause different degrees of bone marrow suppression， the dose should be reduced or the treatment should be suspended if abnormal liver function is found before medication. In addition， once the drug is found to leak or may leak out， the injection should be stopped immediately， and at the same time， sodium chloride injection should be used for local dilution. If skin rupture occurs， it should be treated according to ulcer treatment. When injecting liquids， it is necessary to avoid direct solar radiation.
References
[1] HOU JF. Small animal disease[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press，2002. （in Chinese）
[2] XIA YF. Hematology manual of cats and dogs [M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2002： 118-119
[3] SHI ZS， ZHANG HQ， LIN DG. Small animal anesthesia and analgesia[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press，2014： 187-188. （in Chinese）
[4] LI YB， FAN ZL. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pet diseases[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2007： 101-104. （in Chinese）
[5] WANG YL， MIN X. Teaching atlas of clinical cell morphology[M]. Beijing： Science Press，2017： 201-203. （in Chinese）
[6] ZHOU JC. Practical medical treatment of tumor[M]. Beijing，： Science and Technology Press，2016： 405-406. （in Chinese）
[7] ROGERS KS. Transimissible venereal tumor[J].Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet，1997，19（9）： 1036-1045. （in Chinese）
Key words Canine infectious venereal tumor; Laboratory examination; Chemotherapy
Canine infectious venereal disease tumor （CTVT） is mainly due to a canine infectious intercourse tumor disease which is infected during mating[1]. It is a malignant tumor originating from reticuloendodermis. After infection， the mucosal surface or prepuce of the urogenital tract is destroyed and bleed for a long time after being invaded by tumor tissue， which leads to inflammation of the urogenital tract and longterm blood loss， seriously affecting the health of dogs[2]. In this paper， the clinical diagnosis and treatment of a canine infectious venereal disease （STD） tumor are described， with emphasis on the course of chemotherapy for the disease.
Introduction of the case
The diseased animal was a homereared Chinese rural dog， 4 years old， male， 7.5 kg， not sterilized. The main complaint was that the dog had blood stains near the urethral orifice more than a week ago， which was not paid with much attention at that time and thought to be an accidental bruise caused when playing outside. Recently， blood flowing under his body and even hematuria has been observed sometimes， without other abnormalities.
Clinical Examination
Basic examination
The dog was healthy mentally， and had a body temperature at 38.9 ℃， a heart rate at 120 beats/min （normal rhythm）， respiratory times of 20 times/min and a body weight of 7.5 kg. Blood stains were observed at the urethral orifice， and abnormal fleshy protrusions can be found by palpation on the penis mucosa which had an uneven surface. When exposing the penile mucosa， cauliflowerlike protrusions having nodular surface were observed， and were hard and brittle， and blood flowed out after rupture.
Laboratory examination Blood routine examination and blood biochemical examination showed no abnormalities， and the liver function was normal.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy
Sampling
At first， the diseased animal was subjected to induction of anesthesia with propofol[3]. The animal was intravenously injected at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg body weight. After the dog entered anesthesia state， his foreskin was pulled off to expose the tumor. A small portion of the tumor was cut with disinfected surgical scissors as a tissue sample. Immediately after sampling， iodophor was sprayed on the surgical wound， and then it was pressed to stop bleeding with gauze. And conventional antibacterial disinfection treatment was given after the operation. For the removed tissue sample， 1 cm×1 cm was taken for fine needle aspiration biopsy （by Wrights stain） and cytological examination. The remaining tissue sample were immediately stored in formalin solution and sent to Germany LABOKLIN Laboratory （Shanghai） for histopathological examination on the same day， and the results of the examination were given 3 d later.
Cytological examination[4]
The removed tissue sample was repeatedly punctured with an orange needle， and then the tissue fragments were taken on a glass slide for smear， and then subjected to WrightGemsa staining. A large number of round cells were observed through the microscope[5]， and circular vacuoles of different sizes， which were vacuolated round cells， were scattered in the cytoplasm， as shown in Fig.1 and Fig. 2.
Diagnosis
Comprehensively according to clinical symptoms and laboratory test results， it was initially diagnosed as canine infectious venereal tumor. Three days later， according to the results of histopathological examination by Germany LABOKLIN Laboratory （Shanghai）， a definite diagnosis can be finally made.
Treatment
The diseased animal was weighed to be 7.45 kg， and then blood biochemical examination was performed. The test results were normal， and the liver function was also normal. The first chemotherapy treatment was carried out using vincristine sulfate[6]. During the chemotherapy， intravenous injection was performed according to 2 mg/m 2 body surface area once a week， and the chemotherapy was performed for 3-4 times in total. No obvious adverse reactions were observed in the animal during the treatment， indicating that there was no need to adjust the treatment. The tumor was completely resolved after 4 treatments as described above. It could be known from the telephone interview that the learned that the dog was healthy as usual one month later. The conditions before and after surgery are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4， respectively. Conclusions and Discussion
Canine infectious venereal tumor has very high infectivity， and could easily infect dogs， which can be infected by direct mating with diseased dogs， and the disease has not been found in puppies or young dogs which have not had a mating experience. The lesions are cauliflowerlike， pedunculated or nodular of different sizes， papillate， and lobular occasionally， and they mainly grow on the inner wall of vagina or vulva surface of female dogs， or grow on the penile mucosa of male dogs， occasionally on the foreskin. The tumor is hard and fragile， and is generally difficult to be found. Clinically， the main manifestation is that blood flows uninterruptedly from the urethral orifice， which should not be misdiagnosed as hematuria. In order to effectively prevent this disease， owners must first strengthen the inspection and quarantine of dogs and regularly carry them for physical examination; secondly， the management of diseased dogs should be strengthened; and finally， breeding should be strictly observed.
Methods for treating canine infectious venereal tumor include operation， chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is the preferred treatment. Generally， diseased animals are treated with vincristine sulfate for 3-4 weeks. If the effect is not good， doxorubicin is recommended， but its side effects are greater[7]. Operative treatment also could be adopted， but it is difficult to ensure that the tumor is removed completely. Such tumors are malignant tumors， but the lesions generally do not metastasize. Compared with surgical removal， chemotherapy has obvious effect with short cure period.
Before each time of chemotherapy， blood biochemical examination and weighing must be carried out on diseased animals to calculate drug dosage. Because chemotherapy drugs will have certain damage to liver and kidney functions， and will cause different degrees of bone marrow suppression， the dose should be reduced or the treatment should be suspended if abnormal liver function is found before medication. In addition， once the drug is found to leak or may leak out， the injection should be stopped immediately， and at the same time， sodium chloride injection should be used for local dilution. If skin rupture occurs， it should be treated according to ulcer treatment. When injecting liquids， it is necessary to avoid direct solar radiation.
References
[1] HOU JF. Small animal disease[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press，2002. （in Chinese）
[2] XIA YF. Hematology manual of cats and dogs [M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2002： 118-119
[3] SHI ZS， ZHANG HQ， LIN DG. Small animal anesthesia and analgesia[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press，2014： 187-188. （in Chinese）
[4] LI YB， FAN ZL. Clinical diagnosis and treatment of pet diseases[M]. Beijing： China Agriculture Press， 2007： 101-104. （in Chinese）
[5] WANG YL， MIN X. Teaching atlas of clinical cell morphology[M]. Beijing： Science Press，2017： 201-203. （in Chinese）
[6] ZHOU JC. Practical medical treatment of tumor[M]. Beijing，： Science and Technology Press，2016： 405-406. （in Chinese）
[7] ROGERS KS. Transimissible venereal tumor[J].Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet，1997，19（9）： 1036-1045. （in Chinese）