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利用可再生生物质资源转化制备液体燃料已成为全球关注的热点。常见的生物质能源原料主要有草本植物、木本植物、微藻和脂肪类生物质资源,丰富的生物质资源为生物质液体燃料的生产提供了广泛的原料来源,也为生物质能源的多样性发展提供了坚实的物质基础。不同的生物质原料种类和转化方式可生产出性能各异的多种液体燃料,主要包括醇类燃料(乙醇、丁醇等)、烃类燃料和生物柴油等,由此构建出生物质转化制备液体燃料的转化途径网络。醇类燃料的生物质转化途径主要包括生物质直接发酵、生物质合成气发酵、生物质合成气化学合成等;烃类燃料的生物质转化途径主要有生物质液化加氢、微藻热化学途径、生物质合成气费托合成、生物质发酵脂肪酸加氢及油脂类加氢途径等;生物柴油的转化途径主要有油脂酯交换和微藻萃取酯交换。在这些液体燃料的转化途径中,只有生物质发酵制乙醇途径和油脂酯交换途径基本实现了商业化应用,其他大部分转化途径仍处于开发阶段。
The use of renewable biomass resources to prepare liquid fuels has become a global hot spot. Common biomass energy raw materials are mainly herbs, woody plants, microalgae and fatty biomass resources, rich biomass resources for the production of biomass liquid fuel provides a wide range of sources of raw materials, but also for the diversity of biomass energy Sexual development provides a solid material foundation. Different kinds of biomass materials and conversion methods can produce a variety of liquid fuels of different performance, including alcohol fuel (ethanol, butanol, etc.), hydrocarbon fuels and biodiesel, etc., to build a biomass conversion preparation liquid Fuel conversion pathway network. Biomass conversion pathway of alcohol fuel mainly includes direct fermentation of biomass, fermentation of biomass syngas, chemical synthesis of biomass syngas, etc. Biomass conversion pathway of hydrocarbon fuels mainly includes biomass liquefaction and hydrogenation, thermal chemical pathway of microalgae , Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of biomass syngas, hydrogenation of fatty acids from biomass fermentation, and hydrogenation of oil and fat. The main routes for the conversion of biodiesel include transesterification of oil and transesterification of microalgae. In these liquid fuel conversion pathways, only the biomass fermentation ethanol pathway and the lipid transesterification pathway are basically commercialized, and most of the other transformation routes are still under development.