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美国两党之间的博弈和竞争贯穿美国贸易政策的整个决策过程,党派政治在美国贸易政策的历史变迁中发挥了重要的作用。在贸易政策上,民主党和共和党往往分别代表不同的利益集团,因而政府或国会的党派属性在很大程度上决定着美国贸易政策的性质。在不同的历史时期,他们在贸易政策上的立场也会随着其所代表选区的利益调整而变化。民主党在20世纪70年代从支持自由贸易转向鼓吹贸易保护,而共和党则从贸易保护主义者转变为自由贸易的支持者。进入21世纪后,随着美国产业结构和政治格局的调整及美国参与经济全球化程度的加深,两党在贸易政策上的固有立场有所松动,从而使美国的贸易政策呈现出更为复杂的局面。
The game and competition between the two parties in the United States run through the entire decision-making process of U.S. trade policy. Partisan politics has played an important role in the historical changes of U.S. trade policy. In trade policy, Democrats and Republicans often represent different interest groups, respectively, and thus the political attributes of the government or the Congress largely determine the nature of U.S. trade policy. At different historical times, their position on trade policy will also change with the interests of the constituencies they represent. Democrats shifted from supporting free trade to advocating trade protection in the 1970s, while Republicans switched from protectionist to supporters of free trade. Since the 21st century, with the adjustment of the industrial structure and political structure in the United States and the deepening of the United States’ participation in economic globalization, the two parties have loosened their inherent position in trade policy and made the United States trade policy more complicated situation.