[目的]探索城市居民应对灾难的能力和脆弱性,明确城市人群灾难医学知识水平及培训需求。[方法]在上海市杨浦区随机抽取5个社区,再按不同年龄组的人口比例进行分层抽样,共抽取1 700名社区居民,应用自制调查表进行现场调查,获得1 643份信息完整的调查表。[结果]89.0%的居民认为应该了解和掌握灾难医学相关知识。“核泄漏事件防护措施”和“高层建筑火灾”问题回答正确率均达到80%以上,而“心肺复苏操作”总体回答正确率不到40%。目前社区居民获取灾难医学知识主要通过报纸、杂志、网络(52.1%),通过学校教育获取仅为5.3%。社区人群最希望通过讲座(72.4%)方式获取“灾难急救技术”(60.1%)和“灾难医学基本原理”(57.8%)知识。[结论]学校教育在灾难相关知识普及方面存在缺欠,可能导致居民普遍缺乏灾难自救、互救的能力。加强学校教育中对灾难相关教育,定期组织社区灾难医学知识普及和模拟演练有望降低灾难的人群脆弱性。 [Objective] To explore the capacity and vulnerability of urban residents to deal with disasters, and to clarify the medical knowledge and training needs of disasters in urban populations. [Method] Five communities were randomly selected in Yangpu district of Shanghai and stratified by population proportion of different age groups. A total of 1,700 community residents were sampled and field surveys were conducted using self-made questionnaires, obtaining 1 643 complete information Questionnaire. [Results] 89.0% of the residents think it is necessary to understand and master the relevant knowledge of disaster medicine. The correct answers to both the “Nuclear Leakage Protection Measures” and the “High-rise Building Fires” were above 80%, while the overall accuracy of the “cardiopulmonary resuscitation operations” was less than 40%. At present, community residents get disaster medical knowledge mainly through newspapers, magazines, internet (52.1%) and only 5.3% through school education. Most people in the community would like to receive “Disaster Emergency Technology” (60.1%) and “Disaster Medicine Fundamentals” (57.8%) knowledge through lectures (72.4%). [Conclusion] There are some shortcomings in the popularization of disaster-related knowledge in school education, which may lead residents to lack the capacity of disaster self-help and mutual-help. Strengthening education related to disasters in school education and regularly organizing popularization of community-based knowledge on disaster medicine and simulation exercises are expected to reduce the vulnerability of people in disasters.