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从诚实和美德始终稀缺并被赞美至今来看,人类是否具有诚实守信的天性是令人怀疑的。对于国家而言情况可能更糟糕,毕竟债权人面对国家违约甚至破产,缺乏可行的惩戒手段。或者说,如果没有事先的、清晰的、可置信的违约惩罚机制,无论个人、企业,还是政府,都具有过度举债和连续违约的天然倾向。回顾过去的百年,作为全球本位货币的英镑和美元都曾遭遇危机。根据罗伯特·特里芬的著述,19世纪末,殖民地从英国进口通常
From Honesty and Virtue to Scarcity and Praise So far, it is questionable whether human beings are honest and trustworthy. For the country, the situation may be worse, after all, creditors face default or even bankruptcy of the country, the lack of viable disciplinary measures. Or, without prior, clear and credible breach of contract penalties, individuals, corporations and governments have the natural tendency of excessive debt and continuous default. Looking back over the past century, both the pound and the dollar, the global currency of their own, have suffered crises. According to Robert Triffin’s writings, colonies were imported from the United Kingdom at the end of the nineteenth century