肺癌发病率和病死率都居我国恶性肿瘤之首，而肺癌中发病率第一的是非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)，约占肺癌的80%左右。NSCLC包括鳞状细胞癌、腺癌等，由于其细胞生长缓慢、扩散转移较晚，大多数患者就诊时已处于晚期，失去了手术治疗的最佳时期。近年来，针对特定基因的分子靶向治疗已经成为治疗NSCLC的重要策略，而目前已经发现多种靶点基因，如表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(KRAS)、鼠类肉瘤滤过性毒菌致癌基因同源体B1(BRAF)、棘皮动物微管相关蛋白样4-间变淋巴瘤激酶(EML4-ALK)等。本文就NSCLC的相关驱动基因及分子靶向治疗进行综述，希望对临床上晚期NSCLC患者的个体化治疗有所帮助。“,”The morbidity and mortality of lung cancer are the highest in China, and the non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) is the first one, accounting for about 80% of lung cancer.NSCLC includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, etc.Because of the slow growth of lung cancer cells and the late diffusion and metastasis, most of the patients were in late stage and lost the best period of surgical treatment.In recent years, molecular targeted therapy for specific genes has become an important strategy for the treatment of NSCLC.Multiple target genes, such as EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and EML4-ALK have been identified.This article reviews the related driving genes and molecular targeted therapy of NSCLC, expecting to be helpful to the individualized treatment of advanced NSCLC patients.