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[Objective] This research was to study the correlation regional climatic characteristics and changing geographic distribution of Populus euphratica Oily. （Sali- caceae）, as well as the adaption of Populus euphratica Oliv. to the climatic environ- ment. [Method] The climatic characteristics, water source, groundwater and soil type in the distribution regions of Populus euphratica Oliv. and the effect of long-term hu- man activities were comprehensively analyzed based an overview of Populus eu- phratica Oliv. and its distribution. [Result] Specific regional climatic characteristics and long term human activities are the principle determinants for the growth of Populus euphratica Oliv. The change of leaf shape is a distinct feature of Populus euphratica Oliv. in adapting to the climatic environment. Populus euphratica Oliv. withstands various environmental stresses by means of in vivo synthesis, transport and conver- sion of secondary phenolic metabolites. Effective protection and rehabilitation mea- sures, and ecological water transport have obvious effect on the restoration and re- construction of damaged ecological environment of Populus euphratica oasis. [Con- clusion] This study is of great significance for the restoration of ecological environ- ment in the arid inland regions, north-west China.