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笔者连续多年从事高三英语教学工作并参加高考英语书面表达的阅卷工作，发现高考英语书面表达的平均得分并不高，现把该类题型的失分原因和写作技巧，尤其是一些常见开头和结尾技巧以及过渡性的句子总结出来，助力同学们备战2018年英语高考。
一、失分原因
在阅卷中，笔者发现许多考生在写作时容易受汉语表达方式的影响，不知不觉会用汉语表达方式来表达自己的意思，写出的句子只有懂汉语的英语老师才能读懂。产生“Chinglish（汉式英语）”的原因是很多考生把英语学习视为机械的word-for-word translation的过程，生搬硬套，不会在特定的语境中正确遣词造句、选用句型，只会将汉语逐字逐句转译为英语。
要想改变这种情况，必须做到：①尽量养成用英语思维写作的习惯，注意中西方的不同表达方式；②平时要归纳总结失分原因，纠正“Chinglish”；③广泛阅读，多收听英语广播，收看英语电视节目等。
接下来，笔者总结高三学生在英语书面表达中出现“Chinglish”的各种情况，供大家参考，以免在2018年高考中犯类似的错误。
（一）英汉主语不同
主语是句子的灵魂所在，然而，英语、汉语对主语的使用习惯却存在着很大的差异。英语更强调客观效果，注重客观事物对人的影响和作用，因此常常会用一些表示事物、动作或效果之类的没有生命的词作主语，一般称为“无灵主语”。而汉语则恰恰相反，习惯用人或者是有生命的东西作主语，一般称为“有灵主语”。考生在写作时，如能紧贴英语语言习惯，多使用“无灵主语”，就会吸引阅卷者的注意。
1. Wrong： I cost（我花了）one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.（cost）
Right： It cost me one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.
2. Wrong： Come and see me if you are convenient（如果你方便）.（convenient）
Right： Come and see me if it is convenient for/to you .
（二）英汉成分相异
句子成分的易位大致可分为语法易位和修辞易位两类。易位作为一种重要的语法手段和修辞手段，在英语和汉语中的使用存在差异，值得考生们重视。
1. Wrong： The old couple have two daughters， both of them are doctors（ 两个都是医生）.（ both ）
Right： The old couple have two daughters， both of whom are doctors.
2. Wrong： A manager as she is（尽管她是个经理），she is very modest.（as）
Right： Manager as she is， she is very modest.
（三）英汉语序各异
语序（即句子成分的空间分布）反映的是语言符号之间的关系，是言内意义在句法层面上的体现。因此，语序在很大程度上决定一个民族的思维习惯。我们可用“大同小异”来概括英汉语序特征：“同”是主谓宾的相对位置相同，“异”是指两种语言中定语和状语的位置不同。
1. Wrong： The longest three rivers（最长的三条河流）in the world are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.（river）
Right： The three longest rivers are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.
2. Wrong： So clearly he speaks English（他讲英语）that he can always make himself understood.（speak）
Right： So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
（四）英汉语态有别
英语被动语态使用范围比较广，而汉语中被动语态使用比较少，这就在客观上给中学生理解英语被动语态造成了困难。
1. Wrong： The driver should be blamed（应该受到责备）for the accident.（blame）
Right： The driver is to blame for the accident.
2. Wrong： My motor-car is repairing（正在修）.（repair）
Right： My motor-car is being repaired.
（五）英汉表达方式特殊
由于不同语言有不同的特点和不同文化存在差异等原因，英语和汉语在语法、语义及表達方式等方面不尽相同。
1. Wrong： I hurried to the station only finding（结果却发现）the train had left. （find）
Right： I hurried to the station only to find the train had already left. 2. Wrong： -You had better go and wash your car（把你的轿车洗洗）.（wash）
-I will do it myself.
Right： -You had better go and have/get your car washed.
-I will do it myself.
当然，考生在写作中出现的问题远不止这些，还有审题不仔细、抓不准要点、拼写错误多、同根词混用等。此外，同学们在英语学习中有一种不良倾向，即比较重视句子的语法是否正确，忽视句子结构及其实际运用。在备考时，考生可借鉴庖丁解牛之法，学会总结规律，找准汉译英的切入点。
二、开头与结尾的写作技巧
（一）开头
对于一篇考场习作来说，设置一个新颖、别致的开头，做到“先声夺人”，就离成功近了一步。
首先，考生应注意以下两点内容：（1）开头决不要绕圈子，也不一定要按时间、地点的顺序平铺直叙；（2）题目没有提示的内容一般不必加上，联想不宜过多。其次，为开拓思路，避免或减少错误，要尽量使用自己熟悉或准备好的开头句式。
以My Teacher这个话题为例，开头句式可如下——
1. A is my teacher...
2. I have many teachers. A is one of them...
【點评】开头点题，按照题目提供的情景平铺直叙，一般不会离题，但写作技巧不高。
3. I will never forget my teacher A...
4. Many things may be easily forgotten， but my teacher A often appears in my mind...
【点评】开头点题，且话里有话，所要表达的内容跃然纸上。
5. Several years has passed since I said good-bye to my teacher A...
6. Do you know my friend and also my teacher A...
【点评】开头设疑，给人以“欲知后事，请看下文”之感，自然地引出下文。
7. Have you ever heard about my teacher A， learned but lovely man？ He is my teacher.
【点评】开头设疑，引导下文，而且点明了老师的性格，为表达两人之间的关系埋下了伏笔。
8. Simple as he is...， he is my teacher A.
【点评】在栩栩如生的描述之后揭示谜底，适合基础较好的同学使用。如果文章很长或内容繁杂则不宜用这种开头。
总结
1.书面表达体裁多样，文章的开头自然也多种多样，断不可无视内容而生搬硬套上述句式。
2.无论何种类型、何种体裁的作文，都必须坚持内容第一、形式第二的原则。
（二）结尾
结尾是对文章主题的归纳，好的结尾能引起读者的共鸣，深化主题，引人深思。结尾的写作技巧主要有总结观点、重复主题句、提出结论、提出问题、暗示答案等。
1.首尾呼应，画龙点睛
把含义较深的话放在文末，能够深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。例如题为I cannot forget her（我忘不了她）的文章的结尾：After her death I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
2.重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头说明的中心思想或主题上，能够起到强调主题的效果。例如题为I Love My Hometown的文章的结尾：I love my hometown and I love its people. They have changed-they are going all out to make more contribution for my motherland.
3.自然结尾
文章自然而然地结尾，具有简单之美。例如题为Fishing的文章的结尾：I caught as many as 20 fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing we lay down on the riverback， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
4.用反问句结尾
反问句具有特别强调的作用，能够引起读者深思。例如题为Should We Learn to Do Housework？（我们要不要做家务？）的文章的结尾：Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree， boys and girls？
5.指明方向，激励读者
结尾表达对将来的展望，或期待读者加入行动，能起到良好的互动效果。例如题为Let’s Go in for Sports（让我们参加体育运动）的文章的结尾：As we have said above， sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let us go in for sports. 好的文章结尾能够概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章的意义表达得更加深刻。结尾没有一定的模式，考生根据主题表达的需要灵活创作即可。
三、过渡模块
在写作时，考生可在文中穿插一些过渡性词汇、短语或句型，这样会使短文过渡自然，衔接紧密，行文紧凑。
1. 表因果关系：therefore，so，hence，thus，accordingly，consequently，as a result...
2. 表举例示范：for example，in other words，for instance，that is，that is to say...
3. 表总结概括：in summary，to sum up，in brief，in short，on the whole，in a word，all in all，in conclusion，as has been noted...
4. 表转折让步：unfortunately，anyway，but，however，otherwise，still，yet，after all，in spite of，on the contrary，on the other hand，in any case，whatever...
5. 表递进过渡：again，also，worse still，obviously，then，besides，further，furthermore，moreover，next，similarly，after a while，at the same time，in addition，meanwhile，suddenly，later，soon，in the same way，what’s more...
【开头段模板】
1. Nowadays there is a growing concern over... Many people like...， while others are inclined to...
2. There is a debate/controversy today as to/over/concerning the issue/problem of...
3. Those who criticize/oppose/argue that... They believe that... But people who advocate/favor/are for...， on the other hand， ...
4. Some people say that...， other people suggest that... But I can hardly share this point of view for several reasons.
5. As far as I am concerned/Personally， I am in favor of the opinion that...
【中間段模板】
1. Undeniably， ...is good in many aspects. However， it has its disadvantages， too. For one thing， it... For another， it...
2. There is no denying that...
3. It is generally accepted that...
4. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that...
5. Nevertheless， people seldom reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.
6. Although...has a great advantage of...， it can not compete with...in...
7. However， views on this issue vary from person to person. Some people believe that...
【结尾段模板】
1. In brief/To conclude/In conclusion...
2. As for me， I am firmly convinced that....
3. Taking into account both sides of argument， I think...
4. Thus， based on the above discussion and analysis， we can see that...
5. For my part， I completely agree with the latter view that...
一、失分原因
在阅卷中，笔者发现许多考生在写作时容易受汉语表达方式的影响，不知不觉会用汉语表达方式来表达自己的意思，写出的句子只有懂汉语的英语老师才能读懂。产生“Chinglish（汉式英语）”的原因是很多考生把英语学习视为机械的word-for-word translation的过程，生搬硬套，不会在特定的语境中正确遣词造句、选用句型，只会将汉语逐字逐句转译为英语。
要想改变这种情况，必须做到：①尽量养成用英语思维写作的习惯，注意中西方的不同表达方式；②平时要归纳总结失分原因，纠正“Chinglish”；③广泛阅读，多收听英语广播，收看英语电视节目等。
接下来，笔者总结高三学生在英语书面表达中出现“Chinglish”的各种情况，供大家参考，以免在2018年高考中犯类似的错误。
（一）英汉主语不同
主语是句子的灵魂所在，然而，英语、汉语对主语的使用习惯却存在着很大的差异。英语更强调客观效果，注重客观事物对人的影响和作用，因此常常会用一些表示事物、动作或效果之类的没有生命的词作主语，一般称为“无灵主语”。而汉语则恰恰相反，习惯用人或者是有生命的东西作主语，一般称为“有灵主语”。考生在写作时，如能紧贴英语语言习惯，多使用“无灵主语”，就会吸引阅卷者的注意。
1. Wrong： I cost（我花了）one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.（cost）
Right： It cost me one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.
2. Wrong： Come and see me if you are convenient（如果你方便）.（convenient）
Right： Come and see me if it is convenient for/to you .
（二）英汉成分相异
句子成分的易位大致可分为语法易位和修辞易位两类。易位作为一种重要的语法手段和修辞手段，在英语和汉语中的使用存在差异，值得考生们重视。
1. Wrong： The old couple have two daughters， both of them are doctors（ 两个都是医生）.（ both ）
Right： The old couple have two daughters， both of whom are doctors.
2. Wrong： A manager as she is（尽管她是个经理），she is very modest.（as）
Right： Manager as she is， she is very modest.
（三）英汉语序各异
语序（即句子成分的空间分布）反映的是语言符号之间的关系，是言内意义在句法层面上的体现。因此，语序在很大程度上决定一个民族的思维习惯。我们可用“大同小异”来概括英汉语序特征：“同”是主谓宾的相对位置相同，“异”是指两种语言中定语和状语的位置不同。
1. Wrong： The longest three rivers（最长的三条河流）in the world are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.（river）
Right： The three longest rivers are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.
2. Wrong： So clearly he speaks English（他讲英语）that he can always make himself understood.（speak）
Right： So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
（四）英汉语态有别
英语被动语态使用范围比较广，而汉语中被动语态使用比较少，这就在客观上给中学生理解英语被动语态造成了困难。
1. Wrong： The driver should be blamed（应该受到责备）for the accident.（blame）
Right： The driver is to blame for the accident.
2. Wrong： My motor-car is repairing（正在修）.（repair）
Right： My motor-car is being repaired.
（五）英汉表达方式特殊
由于不同语言有不同的特点和不同文化存在差异等原因，英语和汉语在语法、语义及表達方式等方面不尽相同。
1. Wrong： I hurried to the station only finding（结果却发现）the train had left. （find）
Right： I hurried to the station only to find the train had already left. 2. Wrong： -You had better go and wash your car（把你的轿车洗洗）.（wash）
-I will do it myself.
Right： -You had better go and have/get your car washed.
-I will do it myself.
当然，考生在写作中出现的问题远不止这些，还有审题不仔细、抓不准要点、拼写错误多、同根词混用等。此外，同学们在英语学习中有一种不良倾向，即比较重视句子的语法是否正确，忽视句子结构及其实际运用。在备考时，考生可借鉴庖丁解牛之法，学会总结规律，找准汉译英的切入点。
二、开头与结尾的写作技巧
（一）开头
对于一篇考场习作来说，设置一个新颖、别致的开头，做到“先声夺人”，就离成功近了一步。
首先，考生应注意以下两点内容：（1）开头决不要绕圈子，也不一定要按时间、地点的顺序平铺直叙；（2）题目没有提示的内容一般不必加上，联想不宜过多。其次，为开拓思路，避免或减少错误，要尽量使用自己熟悉或准备好的开头句式。
以My Teacher这个话题为例，开头句式可如下——
1. A is my teacher...
2. I have many teachers. A is one of them...
【點评】开头点题，按照题目提供的情景平铺直叙，一般不会离题，但写作技巧不高。
3. I will never forget my teacher A...
4. Many things may be easily forgotten， but my teacher A often appears in my mind...
【点评】开头点题，且话里有话，所要表达的内容跃然纸上。
5. Several years has passed since I said good-bye to my teacher A...
6. Do you know my friend and also my teacher A...
【点评】开头设疑，给人以“欲知后事，请看下文”之感，自然地引出下文。
7. Have you ever heard about my teacher A， learned but lovely man？ He is my teacher.
【点评】开头设疑，引导下文，而且点明了老师的性格，为表达两人之间的关系埋下了伏笔。
8. Simple as he is...， he is my teacher A.
【点评】在栩栩如生的描述之后揭示谜底，适合基础较好的同学使用。如果文章很长或内容繁杂则不宜用这种开头。
总结
1.书面表达体裁多样，文章的开头自然也多种多样，断不可无视内容而生搬硬套上述句式。
2.无论何种类型、何种体裁的作文，都必须坚持内容第一、形式第二的原则。
（二）结尾
结尾是对文章主题的归纳，好的结尾能引起读者的共鸣，深化主题，引人深思。结尾的写作技巧主要有总结观点、重复主题句、提出结论、提出问题、暗示答案等。
1.首尾呼应，画龙点睛
把含义较深的话放在文末，能够深化主题，起到画龙点睛的效果。例如题为I cannot forget her（我忘不了她）的文章的结尾：After her death I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
2.重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头说明的中心思想或主题上，能够起到强调主题的效果。例如题为I Love My Hometown的文章的结尾：I love my hometown and I love its people. They have changed-they are going all out to make more contribution for my motherland.
3.自然结尾
文章自然而然地结尾，具有简单之美。例如题为Fishing的文章的结尾：I caught as many as 20 fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing we lay down on the riverback， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
4.用反问句结尾
反问句具有特别强调的作用，能够引起读者深思。例如题为Should We Learn to Do Housework？（我们要不要做家务？）的文章的结尾：Everyone should learn to do housework. Don’t you agree， boys and girls？
5.指明方向，激励读者
结尾表达对将来的展望，或期待读者加入行动，能起到良好的互动效果。例如题为Let’s Go in for Sports（让我们参加体育运动）的文章的结尾：As we have said above， sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let us go in for sports. 好的文章结尾能够概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章的意义表达得更加深刻。结尾没有一定的模式，考生根据主题表达的需要灵活创作即可。
三、过渡模块
在写作时，考生可在文中穿插一些过渡性词汇、短语或句型，这样会使短文过渡自然，衔接紧密，行文紧凑。
1. 表因果关系：therefore，so，hence，thus，accordingly，consequently，as a result...
2. 表举例示范：for example，in other words，for instance，that is，that is to say...
3. 表总结概括：in summary，to sum up，in brief，in short，on the whole，in a word，all in all，in conclusion，as has been noted...
4. 表转折让步：unfortunately，anyway，but，however，otherwise，still，yet，after all，in spite of，on the contrary，on the other hand，in any case，whatever...
5. 表递进过渡：again，also，worse still，obviously，then，besides，further，furthermore，moreover，next，similarly，after a while，at the same time，in addition，meanwhile，suddenly，later，soon，in the same way，what’s more...
【开头段模板】
1. Nowadays there is a growing concern over... Many people like...， while others are inclined to...
2. There is a debate/controversy today as to/over/concerning the issue/problem of...
3. Those who criticize/oppose/argue that... They believe that... But people who advocate/favor/are for...， on the other hand， ...
4. Some people say that...， other people suggest that... But I can hardly share this point of view for several reasons.
5. As far as I am concerned/Personally， I am in favor of the opinion that...
【中間段模板】
1. Undeniably， ...is good in many aspects. However， it has its disadvantages， too. For one thing， it... For another， it...
2. There is no denying that...
3. It is generally accepted that...
4. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that...
5. Nevertheless， people seldom reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.
6. Although...has a great advantage of...， it can not compete with...in...
7. However， views on this issue vary from person to person. Some people believe that...
【结尾段模板】
1. In brief/To conclude/In conclusion...
2. As for me， I am firmly convinced that....
3. Taking into account both sides of argument， I think...
4. Thus， based on the above discussion and analysis， we can see that...
5. For my part， I completely agree with the latter view that...