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中国黄牛的起源及驯化一直是考古学家和遗传学家共同关注的热点问题。目前的研究多是基于古代黄牛遗骸的形态学鉴定和对现代地方黄牛品种的DNA分析,而针对中国古代黄牛的DNA研究尚少。本文对中国北方5个青铜时代早期遗址出土的42个黄牛进行了线粒体DNA分析,并结合现代黄牛线粒体DNA数据以及考古学文化对中国黄牛的起源、传播路径及其与早期文明的关系进行了讨论。在青铜时代早期,中国北方古代黄牛均为普通牛,未见瘤牛。古代黄牛主要由T2,T3和T4构成,近东起源的T3世系在古代黄牛中占统治地位,频率高达81.0%。近东起源的普通牛可能随着早期人群的迁徙经过两条路线进入中国。
The origin and domestication of Chinese cattle has always been a hot issue of common concern to archaeologists and geneticists. Most of the current researches are based on morphological identification of ancient cattle remains and DNA analysis of modern local yellow cattle breeds, while DNA research on ancient Chinese cattle is still scarce. In this paper, mitochondrial DNA analysis was performed on 42 cattle breeds unearthed in five early Bronze Age sites in northern China. The relationship between the origin and transmission pathways of Chinese cattle and their relationship with early civilization was discussed based on the data of modern cattle mitochondrial DNA and archaeological culture . In the early Bronze Age, ancient cattle in northern China were all ordinary cattle, Zealiu no. The ancient oxen is mainly composed of T2, T3 and T4, and the T3 genera from the Near East are dominant in ancient cattle with the frequency up to 81.0%. Ordinary cattle from the Near East may enter China through two routes with the migration of early populations.