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目的通过对小学生健康状况和生活环境的调查,探讨细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))对小学生健康状况的影响。方法 2015年选取南昌市青云谱区为污染区,上饶市婺源县作为清洁区。采用整群随机抽样在两地各选取1所小学,各选三至五年级全部小学生作为调查对象,污染区517名,清洁区614名。调查问卷采用中国疾病预防控制中心《空气污染对人群健康影响监测项目》调查问卷,结合PM_(2.5)监控数据,对小学生健康状况和疾病发生影响因素进行调查。结果污染区呼吸系统疾病患病率17.99%,清洁区呼吸系统疾病患病率6.35%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=36.867,P=0.000)。污染区皮肤黏膜疾病患病率15.28%,高于清洁区10.75%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.156,P=0.023)。logistic回归分析显示,空气污染(OR=1.887,95%CI=1.212~2.938);被动吸烟(OR=1.974,95%CI=1.284~3.035)是小学生患呼吸系统疾病的影响因素。空气污染(OR=3.716,95%CI=2.075~6.654);被动吸烟(OR=1.792,95%CI=1.079~2.977);室内使用空气污染有关的化学物(OR=2.495,95%CI=1.549~4.019)是皮肤黏膜疾病的影响因素。空气污染(OR=2.181,95%CI=1.536~3.095);家附近有环境污染设施(OR=1.456,95%CI=1.052~2.016);被动吸烟(OR=1.922,95%CI=1.353~2.731);室内使用空气污染有关的化学物(OR=1.827,95%CI=1.318~2.533)是其他常见疾病影响因素。结论南昌市空气中PM_(2.5)与小学生呼吸系统疾病、皮肤黏膜疾病的发生有一定的影响,建议加强控制室内和公共场所吸烟量,降低空气中PM_(2.5)浓度。雾霾天气减少户外活动,戴防雾霾口罩,养成科学健康的生活方式。
Objective To investigate the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_ (2.5)) on the health status of primary school students by surveying the health status and living environment of primary school students. Methods In 2015, Qingyun spectral area of Nanchang was selected as the pollution area and Wuyuan County of Shangrao City as the clean area. Random cluster sampling was adopted to select one primary school in each of the two places, and all pupils in grades three to five were selected as survey subjects. There were 517 polluted areas and 614 clean areas. Questionnaire questionnaire was used by China Center for Disease Control and Prevention “air pollution monitoring project on population health”, combined with PM 2.5 monitoring data to investigate the health status of primary school students and the influencing factors of disease occurrence. Results The prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in polluted area was 17.99%, and the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in clean area was 6.35%. The difference was statistically significant (χ ~ 2 = 36.867, P = 0.000). The prevalence rate of mucocutaneous disease in polluted area was 15.28%, higher than that in clean area 10.75%, the difference was statistically significant (χ ~ 2 = 5.156, P = 0.023). Logistic regression analysis showed that air pollution (OR = 1.887, 95% CI = 1.212-2.938) and passive smoking (OR = 1.974, 95% CI = 1.284-3.035) were the influencing factors of primary respiratory diseases. Air pollution (OR = 3.716, 95% CI = 2.075-6.654); Passive smoking (OR = 1.792, 95% CI = 1.079-2.977); Indoor use of air pollution related chemicals ~ 4.019) is the influencing factor of mucocutaneous diseases. Air pollution (OR = 2.181, 95% CI = 1.536-3.095); environmental pollution facilities near the home (OR = 1.456, 95% CI = 1.052-2.16); passive smoking (OR = 1.922, 95% CI = 1.353-2.731 ); Indoor use of air pollution-related chemicals (OR = 1.827, 95% CI = 1.318 ~ 2.533) are other common disease factors. Conclusion PM_ (2.5) in air of Nanchang City has certain influence on the respiratory diseases and mucocutaneous diseases of primary school students. It is suggested to control the amount of smoking in indoor and public places and reduce the concentration of PM_ (2.5) in the air. Smog weather to reduce outdoor activities, wearing anti-fog masks, to develop a scientific and healthy lifestyle.