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以亚洲“四小龙”为代表的东亚国家(地区)在战后迅速崛起,而拉美国家则在近几十年里经历了发展的曲折并且至今未能突破中等收入陷阱。政治科学家弗朗西斯·福山和其他新制度主义者认为,两地区经济政策和发展水平的差异植根于更为深层次的制度因素,正是由于两地区制度的迥异造成了不同的政策选择及实施效力。本文主要通过对福山等新制度主义者的文献研究,表明制度因素可以用来解释这种发展差异,并且通过福山的理论来探讨制度因素中可能包含的一系列政治变量:现代国家行政制度、法治以及问责制。拉美和东亚的法治发展差异不大,关键在于现代国家行政制度和问责制的差异对于经济政策差异的影响。拉美较为薄弱的现代国家官僚体制决定了其发展政策缺乏有力的制度支撑,而东亚的专业化、去人格化的现代官僚制度决定了经济政策的相对独立性。拉美国家的问责制不仅发展不完善,并且相对其官僚体制来说过于强大,由此产生了一系列阻碍合理发展政策的制度性问题。本文根据福山的政治制度平衡理论得出,拉美国家需要平衡问责制和现代国家行政制度之间的关系以增强政策效力。
East Asian countries, represented by Asia and “Four Little Dragons,” have rapidly emerged after the war, while Latin American countries have undergone twists and turns of development in recent decades and have so far failed to break through the middle-income trap. Political scientist Francis Fukuyama and other neo-institutionalists believe that the differences in economic policies and levels of development in the two regions are rooted in deeper institutional factors precisely because of the different policy options and the effectiveness of their implementation as a result of the differences in the systems of the two regions . This paper mainly studies the literature of new institutionalists such as Fukuyama and shows that institutional factors can be used to explain this development difference and to explore a series of political variables that may be included in institutional factors through Fukuyama’s theory: the administrative system of modern state, the rule of law As well as accountability. The difference between the development of the rule of law in Latin America and East Asia is not big, the key lies in the influence of the differences of administrative systems and accountability in modern countries on the differences of economic policies. The laissez-faire modern state bureaucracy in Latin America has decided that its development policy lacks a strong institutional support, while the specialization of East Asia and the democratization of the modern bureaucracy determine the relative independence of economic policies. The accountability system in Latin American countries is not only imperfectly developed but also too powerful in relation to its bureaucratic system, resulting in a series of institutional problems that hinder the rational development of policies. According to Fukuyama’s political system balance theory, this paper draws the conclusion that Latin American countries need to balance the relationship between the accountability system and the modern state administrative system to enhance the effectiveness of the policy.