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引言从空间时代开始,低温工程就是空间研究的一个有机组成部分,因为液体火箭发动机具有十分明显的优点。近年来,由于低温探测器和系统性能的不断改进,与空间研究有关的低温工程已从推进发动机扩展到空间飞行器系统。低温致冷对于应用日益广泛的空间飞行器是必不可少的。这方面的应用有:地球观测、射电天文学、大气测量、相对论测量、红外天文学、磁场测量、x 射线天文学、时间测量、Υ射线天文学、数据处理。今后几年内,美国将要发射的空间飞行器上的各种低温仪器就体现了这些具体的应用。
INTRODUCTION From the space age, cryogenic engineering is an integral part of space research because liquid rocket motors have the distinct advantages. In recent years, cryogenic engineering related to space research has expanded from propulsion engines to spacecraft systems due to the continuous improvement of cryogenic detectors and system performance. Cryogenic refrigeration is essential for the application of the increasingly wide variety of spacecraft. Applications in this area include: Earth observation, radio astronomy, atmosphere measurement, relativity measurement, infrared astronomy, magnetic field measurement, x-ray astronomy, time measurement, γ-ray astronomy, data processing. In the next few years, various low-temperature instruments on the spacecraft to be launched by the United States embody these specific applications.