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目的了解智力残疾青少年身体发育特点和规律,为提高智力残疾青少年的生存质量提供依据。方法从北京市3所培智学校抽取轻、中度智障在校生170名为对象,年龄10～21岁,采用生物电阻抗法测试各项身体成分指标,并测量身高、体重等形态指标及肱三头肌、肩胛下角和腹部皮褶厚度。结果智力残疾男生去脂体重、总水分、蛋白质、肌肉量、基础代谢率在14～17岁年龄段达到峰值,18岁后呈减少趋势;女生各项指标则呈现随年龄增长而增加的趋势,在18～21岁达到峰值。同年龄段中,女生体脂百分比显著高于男生,男生去脂体重、总水分、蛋白质、肌肉量、基础代谢率及腰臀比显著高于女生(P值均<0.05)。男生的肥胖检出率显著高于女生,体成分发育存在明显的性别差异。正常、超重、肥胖组智力残疾青少年体成分的组间差异显著,体脂百分比、身体脂肪量、非脂肪性身体成分均呈递增趋势。结论智力残疾青少年肥胖检出率显著高于普通青少年,且主要集中在青春发育前期及青春发育期。
Objective To understand the characteristics and laws of physical development of adolescents with intellectual disabilities and provide basis for improving the quality of life of adolescents with mental disabilities. Methods One hundred and seventy students with light and moderate mental retardation were enrolled from 3 Peizhi schools in Beijing. The ages ranged from 10 to 21 years old. The bioelectrical impedance tests were used to test the body composition indexes and the body height, Triceps, subscapular angle and abdomen skinfold thickness. Results The body weight, total body water, protein, muscle mass and basal metabolic rate of boys with mental retardation peaked at the age of 14-17 and decreased after 18 years of age. The indicators of girls showed an increasing trend with age, In 18 to 21 years old peaked. In the same age group, the percentage of body fat in girls was significantly higher than that in boys. The weight of fat, total water, protein, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate and waist-hip ratio of boys were significantly higher than those of girls (P <0.05). The prevalence of obesity in boys was significantly higher than that in girls, with significant gender differences in body composition. Body composition of normal, overweight and obese adolescents with mental retardation differed significantly among the groups. Body fat percentage, body fat mass, and non-fatty body mass showed an increasing trend. Conclusion The detection rate of obesity in adolescents with mental retardation is significantly higher than that of ordinary adolescents, and mainly concentrated in the early puberty and puberty.