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商周以来青铜器物常饰有华丽生动的花纹,这些意匠奇妙的纹饰表现了该时代的工艺美术特征,也表现了人们的观念形态,因而具有重要价值,历来为国内外学者所重视。这种传统工艺在春秋战国时期虽占有重要地位,盛行一时,但在史籍中却找不到具体的技术记述。过去,一般认为这类纹饰是红铜锤成薄片或长条,然后压入预铸的纹槽中而形成的。本文从纹饰的表面状态,宏观及微观孔洞的形状和排列,晶形的特征及模拟实验的立证,可以断定,青铜器上的红铜纹饰是以铸造的方法形成的。对所取之古代红铜的相结构进行了显微组织分析。从微量元素的含量,共晶体结构的特征,初步认为此红铜的组成是晶体为α固溶体,灰色呈网状分布灰点为(Cu—Bi)共晶体中之Bi。此外曾有Cu_2O 夹杂及“孤岛”状缩松。本文最后部分对如何实现铸造纹饰的工艺进行了复原试验并提出了看法。1978年湖北随县擂墩墩发掘了战国早期着国国君曾侯乙的墓葬,根据随葬的楚惠王五十六年所铸缚钟,可以断定其年代为公元前438年或稍后一些。墓中出土的大批文物为学术界研究先秦时期科学技术史提供了极为珍贵的实物资料,总重达十吨的青铜器件(1)。数量之多,体形之大,有力地证明了战国早期青铜冶铸业所达到的巨大生产能力;复杂的器形、繁美的纹饰,充分反映了我国古代劳动人民的高超技术水平。本文将对此墓中青铜器红铜花纹的铸镶进行探讨。
Since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze artifacts are often decorated with ornate and vivid patterns. These wonderful motifs represent the characteristics of the arts and crafts in the era as well as the people’s concepts and forms. Therefore, they are of great value and have always been valued by scholars both at home and abroad. Although this traditional craft occupies an important position during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it prevailed for a long time, but no specific technical description was found in the historical records. In the past, this type of decoration was generally considered to be a red copper hammer into a thin sheet or strip, and then pressed into the pre-groove formed. In this paper, we can conclude that the red bronze ornamentation on the bronze is formed by the method of casting, from the surface state of ornamentation, the shape and arrangement of macroscopic and microscopic holes, the characteristics of crystal form and the proof of simulation experiment. The microstructure analysis of the phase structure of the ancient copper taken was carried out. Based on the content of trace elements and the characteristics of eutectic structure, the composition of the red copper is presumed to be the solid solution of α, and the gray distribution of the gray point in the mesh is Cu in the (Cu-Bi) eutectic. In addition, there have been Cu_2O inclusions and “island” shaped shrinkage. In the last part of this paper, the author tries to find out how to realize the process of casting decoration. In 1978, the county of Hubei Province, with a pier, excavated the tombs of the early Guoguang Zeng Houhou. According to the buried bell of the 56th year of Chu Hui Wang, it can be concluded that the period was some 438 BC or later. A large number of cultural relics excavated in the tomb provide an extremely precious physical material for the study of the history of science and technology in the pre-Qin period, with a total amount of ten tons of bronze devices (1). The large number and shape of the figures strongly proved the huge production capacity reached by the early bronze smelting industry in the Warring States Period. The complicated shape and beautiful decoration fully reflected the superb technical level of the ancient working people in our country. This article will discuss the tomb bronze bronze casting patterns.