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近年来,中国经济频频出现能源紧张,尤以电力短缺为重,而铁路电煤运输短缺是影响电力短缺的重要因素。在电煤及其铁路运力短缺的背景中,燃煤电厂为了避免缺煤停机的风险,选择电煤的公路直运方式作为铁路电煤运输的竞争性替代方式,出现了所谓电煤运输的“公铁之争”的现象。本文认为,中国电煤运输的“公铁之争”反映了运输资源的配置无效率,是不可持续的电煤运输方式。这种非效率的现象源自煤炭、电力和电煤运输产业链上的制度存在系统性失灵,煤炭、运输和电力作为一个产业群的经济联系被机械地分割了,高昂的交易成本致使铁路电煤运输比较优势逆转。建立合理有序的电煤运输市场需要提高煤炭、电力和运输产业链的制度适应性和设计透明的竞争性定价机制。
In recent years, China’s economy has been experiencing frequent energy shortages, especially in the power shortage. However, the shortage of railway coal transportation is an important factor affecting power shortage. In the background of shortage of coal and its railway capacity, in order to avoid the risk of coal shortage, coal-fired highway direct transportation mode is used as a competitive alternative to railway coal transportation, so-called coal transportation “Battle of the public ” phenomenon. This paper argues that the “battle of public transportation” in China’s coal transportation reflects the inefficient allocation of transportation resources and is an unsustainable mode of coal transportation. This inefficiency stems from a systematic failure of the system in the coal, electricity and coal transport industries. The economic links between coal, transport and electricity as an industrial group are mechanically fragmented, and the high transaction costs lead to the development of the railway electricity The comparative advantage of coal transportation reversed. To establish a rational and orderly coal transportation market needs to improve the institutional adaptability of the coal, power and transportation industry chains and to design a transparent and competitive pricing mechanism.