目的　为了提高对小儿慢性脓胸的治疗效果 ,寻求小儿慢性脓胸手术治疗的最佳时期和方法。方法　对 34例小儿慢性脓胸行早期剥离胸膜脏层纤维板并对临床表现、术中发现及影像学检查进行综合分析。结果　术后 30例痊愈出院 ,2例并发局限性残余脓胸 ,随访 6～ 12mo未再发感染 ,肺扩张满意 ,无胸廓塌陷。结论　小儿慢性脓胸早期行纤维剥脱可以消除病灶 ,使肺组织扩张 ,避免胸廓塌陷等并发症。 Objective To improve the treatment of chronic empyema in children and seek the best time and method of surgical treatment of chronic empyema in children. Methods Thirty-four children with chronic empyema underwent early dissection of the pleura and visceral fibrosis and the clinical manifestations, intraoperative findings and imaging examination were analyzed. Results After operation, 30 cases were cured and discharged, 2 cases were complicated with residual empyema. The patients were followed up for 6 ~ 12 months with no recurrence of infection. The lungs were dilated satisfactorily without thoracic collapse. Conclusion In early stage of chronic empyema in children, fiber exfoliation can eliminate the lesion, make the lung tissue expand and avoid complications such as thoracolumbar collapse.